Editing Croats (section)

===Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)===
{{main|Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)}}
[[File:Oton Ivekovic, Krunidba kralja Tomislava.jpg|right|upright=1.10|255px|thumb|Coronation of King Tomislav by [[Oton Iveković]].]]
[[File:Eastern Adriatic 1089.svg|thumb|[[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia]] during Zvonimir's reign, at the beginning of 1089.]]

[[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] (910–928) became king of Croatia by 925. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from [[Pope John X]] calling Tomislav ''[[King of Croatia|rex Chroatorum]]''. According to ''De Administrando Imperio'', Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 [[infantry]] units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger (''sagina'') and 100 smaller [[warship]]s (''[[Kondura (ship)|condura]]''), but generally isn't taken as credible.<ref>''[[De Administrando Imperio]], Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, 950''</ref> According to the [[Palaeography|palaeographic]] analysis of the original manuscript of ''De Administrando Imperio'', an estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines – the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000–100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000–24,000 horsemen organized in 60 [[allagion]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vedriš |first=Trpimir |date=2007 |title=Povodom novog tumačenja vijesti Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta o snazi hrvatske vojske |trans-title=On the occasion of the new interpretation of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'report concerning the strength of the Croatian army |url=https://www.academia.edu/34978219 |language=hr |journal=Historijski zbornik |volume=60 |pages=1–33 |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022132956/https://www.academia.edu/34978219 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=223–224}} The Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire was in conflict with the rising [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] ruled by Tsar [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]]. In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine [[Dalmatia (theme)|coastal cities]] in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the [[Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927|battle of the Bosnian Highlands]], after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated the Bulgarian army led by military commander [[Alogobotur]], and stopped Simeon's extension westwards.<ref name="bakalov">Bakalov, ''Istorija na Bǎlgarija'', "Simeon I Veliki"</ref><ref name="Omrčanin1984">{{cite book|last=Omrčanin|first=Ivo|title=Military history of Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUO5AAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 April 2012|year=1984|publisher=Dorrance|isbn=978-0-8059-2893-8|page=21|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203210/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUO5AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ireland(Organization)1882">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=The Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tnxrpm8qbxUC|access-date=29 April 2012|year=1882|author1=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|author2=JSTOR (Organization)}}</ref> The central town in the Duvno field was named [[Tomislavgrad]] ("Tomislav's town") in his honour in the 20th century.

Tomislav was succeeded by [[Trpimir II of Croatia|Trpimir II]] (928–935), and [[Krešimir I of Croatia|Krešimir I]] (935–945), this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. [[Miroslav of Croatia|Miroslav]] (945–949) was killed by his ban [[Pribina]] during an internal power struggle, losing part of islands and coastal cities. [[Mihajlo Krešimir II|Krešimir II]] (949–969) kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian cities, while his son [[Stjepan Držislav]] (969–997) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities. His three sons, [[Svetoslav Suronja|Svetoslav]] (997–1000), [[Krešimir III of Croatia|Krešimir III]] (1000–1030) and [[Gojslav of Croatia|Gojslav]] (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attempted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir was succeeded by his son [[Stjepan I of Croatia|Stjepan I]] (1030–1058), who continued his ambitions of spreading rule over the coastal cities, and during whose rule was established the diocese of Knin between 1040 and 1050 which bishop had the nominal title of "Croatian bishop" (Latin: ''episcopus Chroatensis'').<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/58162 |language=hr |title=Stjepan I. |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |year=2021 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928201340/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=58162 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/knin |language=hr |title=Knin |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |year=2021 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806011954/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=32088 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia|Krešimir IV]] (1058–1074) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091107154827/http://domovina.110mb.com/petar_kresimir_4.htm PETAR KREŠIMIR IV.TRPIMIROVIĆ]</ref> Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/petar-kresimir-iv |language=hr |title=Petar Krešimir IV. |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |year=2021 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105113709/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=47856 |url-status=live }}</ref> From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by [[Pope Nicholas II]] first in 1059 and then in 1060 to further reform the Croatian church in accordance with the [[Roman rite]]. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the [[Great Schism of 1054]].{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=229, 252}}

[[File:Bascanska ploca.jpg|thumb|255px|upright=1.15|right|[[Baška tablet]], which is the oldest evidence of the [[Glagolitic alphabet|glagolitic script]], mentions king [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Zvonimir]].]]
He was succeeded by [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Dmitar Zvonimir]], who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the [[House of Trpimirović]], and a [[Ban of Slavonia]] (1064–1075). He was [[Crown of Zvonimir|crowned]] on 8 October 1076<ref name="coro">[[Dominik Mandić]], Rasprave i prilozi iz stare hrvatske povijesti, Institute of Croatian history, Rome, 1963., page 315., 438.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=18. Slavac – Dmitar Zvonimir |url=http://crohis.com/knjige/Sisic%20-%20pregled/18.%20Slavac%20-%20Dmitar%20Zvonimir.PDF |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313054015/http://crohis.com/knjige/Sisic%20-%20pregled/18.%20Slavac%20-%20Dmitar%20Zvonimir.PDF |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> at [[Solin, Croatia|Solin]] in the [[Hollow Church|Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses]] (known today as ''Hollow Church'') by a representative of [[Pope Gregory VII]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asv.vatican.va/en/visit/p_nob/p_nob_2s_05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212054300/http://asv.vatican.va/en/visit/p_nob/p_nob_2s_05.htm|archive-date=2006-02-12|title=Demetrius, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Raukar|first=Tomislav|title=Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje: prostor, ljudi, ideje|year=1997|publisher=Školska knjiga |isbn=978-953-0-30703-2}}</ref>

He was in conflict with dukes of [[Istria]], while historical records ''Annales Carinthiæ'' and ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'' note he invaded [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] to aid Hungary in war during 1079/83, but this is disputed. Unlike Petar Krešimir IV, he was also an ally of the [[Normans]], with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium. He married in 1063 [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen of Hungary]], the daughter of King [[Bela I]] of the Hungarian [[Árpád dynasty]], and the sister of the future King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus I]]. As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances, with no direct heir to succeed him, [[Stjepan II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] ({{reign}} 1089–1091) last of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne but reigned for two years.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/58166 |language=hr |title=Stjepan II. |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |year=2021 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928202853/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=58166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King [[Petar Snačić]] ({{reign}} 1093–1097), who managed to unify the Kingdom around his capital of [[Knin]]. His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults, and restored Croatian rule up to the river [[Sava]]. He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on [[Mala Kapela|Gvozd Mountain]], where he met the main Hungarian army led by King [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman I of Hungary]]. In 1097, in the [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain]], the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated (because of this, the mountain was this time renamed to [[Petrova Gora]], "Peter's Mountain", but identified with the wrong mountain). In 1102, Coloman returned to the Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns (with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje|title=Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|first=Ladislav|last=Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–154|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704071036/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''[[The New Cambridge Medieval History]]'', "at the beginning of the eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districts" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between [[Gulf of Kvarner]] and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around [[Bosna (river)|river Bosna]]) on other side.<ref name="TNCMH">{{cite book |last=Dimnik |first=Martin |date=2004 |chapter=Kievan Rus', the Bulgars and the southern Slavs, c.1020-c.1200 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-new-cambridge-medieval-history-vol.-2_202012/The%20New%20Cambridge%20Medieval%20History%2C%20Vol.%204%2C%20Part%202/ |editor=[[David Luscombe]], [[Jonathan Riley-Smith]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-41411-1}}</ref>{{rp|271–276}}