Editing Counterculture (section)

==== Placelessness ====
The final approach is on online communication as placeless, asserting that the consequences of geographic distance are rendered null and void by the Internet. Lingel argues that this approach is [[Technological determinism|technologically determinist]] in its assumption that the placelessness provided by access to technology can single-handedly remedy [[structural inequality]]. Moreover, Mark Graham states that the persistence of spatial metaphors in describing the Internet's societal impact creates "a dualistic offline/online worldview [that] can depoliticize and mask the very real and uneven power relationships between different groups of people."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Mark|date=2012-10-25|title=Geography/Internet: Ethereal Alternate Dimensions of Cyberspace or Grounded Augmented Realities?|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2166874 |journal=The Geographical Journal|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|pages=9|ssrn=2166874}}</ref> Subscribing to this perceived depoliticization prevents an understanding of digital countercultures. Socio-cultural, power hierarchies on the Internet shape the mainstream, and without these mainstreams as a point of comparison, there are no grounds to define digital counterculture.