Editing Continental drift (section)

== Citations ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="pubs.usgs.gov">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html|title=Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=29 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727100546/https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Schmeling-2004">{{Cite web |first=Harro |last=Schmeling |url=http://www.geophysik.uni-frankfurt.de/~schmelin/skripte/Geodynn1-kap1-2-S1-S22-2004.pdf |title=Geodynamik |year=2004 |publisher=University of Frankfurt |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Wallace-1889">{{citation|first=Alfred Russel|last=Wallace|title=Darwinism …|year=1889|chapter=12|publisher=Macmillan|page=341|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA341}}</ref>
<ref name="Wegener-1912">{{Citation|last=Wegener|first=Alfred|title=Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage|date=6 January 1912|url=http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf|postscript=.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004001150/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen|volume=63|pages=185–195, 253–256, 305–309|archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Wegener-1966">{{Citation | author=Wegener, A. | title = The Origin of Continents and Oceans |orig-year=1929|year=1966 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-61708-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Lane-1944">{{citation|jstor=20023483|title=Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938)|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=75|issue=6|pages=176–178|last1=Lane|first1=A. C.|year=1944}}</ref>
<ref name="Powell-2015">{{cite book |last=Powell |first=James Lawrence |date=2015 |title=Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6SBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=69–70 |access-date=20 October 2015 |isbn=978-0-231-53845-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603181049/https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6SBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Sen30">[[#Sengor1982|Şengör (1982)]], p. 30</ref>
<ref name="Sen28">[[#Sengor1982|Şengör (1982)]], p. 28</ref>
<ref name="Sen29">[[#Sengor1982|Şengör (1982)]], p. 29</ref>
<ref name="Sen31">[[#Sengor1982|Şengör (1982)]], p. 31</ref>
<ref name="Frankel403">[[#Frankel|Frankel (2012)]], p. 403</ref>
<ref name="Frankel405">[[#Frankel|Frankel (2012)]], p. 405</ref>
<ref name="Frankel407">[[#Frankel|Frankel (2012)]], p. 407</ref>
<ref name="Frankel409">[[#Frankel|Frankel (2012)]], p. 409</ref>
<ref name="Snider-Pellegrini-1858">Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, ''La Création et ses mystères dévoilés'' (Creation and its mysteries revealed) (Paris, France: Frank et Dentu, 1858), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8NxWUiDuZJcC/page/n340 <!-- pg=314 --> plates 9 and 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021404/https://books.google.com/books?id=UZdKmF3iEdUC&pg=PA314-IA3 |date=5 February 2017}} (between pages 314 and 315).</ref>
<ref name="Oreskes-2002">{{Harvnb|Oreskes|2002|p=324}}.</ref>
<ref name="Romm-1994">{{Citation |last=Romm |first=James |title=A New Forerunner for Continental Drift |journal=Nature |date=3 February 1994 |volume=367 |pages=407–408 |doi=10.1038/367407a0 |postscript=. |issue=6462|bibcode = 1994Natur.367..407R |s2cid=4281585}}</ref>
<ref name="Brusatte-2016">{{Citation |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/crerar/crerar-prize/2003%2004%20Brusatte.pdf |title=Continents Adrift and Sea-Floors Spreading: The Revolution of Plate Tectonics |first=Stephen |last=Brusatte |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182900/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/crerar/crerar-prize/2003%2004%20Brusatte.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Kious-2001">{{Citation |last1=Kious |first1=W. J. |last2=Tilling |first2=R. I. |title=This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics |orig-year=1996 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html |access-date=29 January 2008 |edition=Online |publisher=United States Geological Survey |isbn=978-0-16-048220-5 |chapter=Historical perspective |chapter-url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html |date=February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408212926/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Lyell-1872">{{citation|first=Charles|last=Lyell|title=Principles of Geology ...|year=1872|edition=11|publisher=John Murray|page=258|url=https://archive.org/stream/principlesgeolo41lyelgoog#page/n287/mode/1up/|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406143142/https://archive.org/stream/principlesgeolo41lyelgoog#page/n287/mode/1up/|archive-date=6 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Dana-1863">{{citation|first=James D.|last=Dana|title=Manual of Geology|year=1863|publisher=Theodore Bliss & Co, Philadelphia|page=732|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKJVHih77X0C&pg=PA732|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515103528/https://books.google.com/books?id=cKJVHih77X0C&pg=PA732|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Oreskes-2002-2">{{harvnb|Oreskes|2002}}</ref>
<ref name="Suess-1885">Eduard Suess, ''Das Antlitz der Erde'' (The Face of the Earth), vol. 1 (Leipzig, (Germany): G. Freytag, 1885), [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015048893047;view=1up;seq=792 page 768.] From p. 768: ''"Wir nennen es Gondwána-Land, nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána-Flora, ... "'' (We name it Gondwána-Land, after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... )</ref>
<ref name="Suess-1893">Edward Suess (March 1893) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yQUVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180 "Are ocean depths permanent?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205023611/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQUVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180|date=5 February 2017}}, ''Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress'' (London), '''2''' : 180- 187. From page 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys", after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."</ref>
<ref name="Perry-1895">Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth", ''Nature'', '''51''' : [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750868;view=1up;seq=266 224–227] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150217234720/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750868;view=1up;seq=266|date=17 February 2015}}, 341–342, 582–585.</ref>
<ref name="Wegener-1929">{{Citation | author=Wegener, A. | title = Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane|edition= 4 | year=1929 |publisher=Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges.| place=Braunschweig| title-link = :s:de:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane}}</ref>
<ref name="Coxworthy-1924">{{cite book|last1=Coxworthy|first1=Franklin|title=Electrical Condition; Or, How and where Our Earth was Created|date=1924|publisher=J.S. Phillips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STj7PAAACAAJ|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Pickering-1907">{{Citation | author=Pickering, W.H| title = The Place of Origin of the Moon – The Volcani Problems | journal= Popular Astronomy | volume = 15 | pages=274–287| year=1907 | bibcode=1907PA.....15..274P}}</ref>
<ref name="Taylor-1910">Frank Bursley Taylor (3 June 1910) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101080758822;view=1up;seq=207 "Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan"], ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of America'', '''21''' : 179–226.</ref>
<ref name="Mantovani-1889">{{Citation | author=Mantovani, R.| title = Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace | journal= Bull. Soc. Sc. Et Arts Réunion | pages=41–53| year=1889}}</ref>
<ref name="Mantovani-1909">{{Citation | author=Mantovani, R.| title = L'Antarctide |journal= Je M'instruis. La Science Pour Tous |volume=38 | pages=595–597| year=1909}}</ref>
<ref name="Scalera-2003">{{Citation | author=Scalera, G. | chapter=Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion |editor1=Scalera, G. |editor2=Jacob, K.-H. |title =Why expanding Earth? – A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg | year=2003 | place=Rome | publisher= National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology |pages= 71–74| hdl =2122/2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Taylor-1910a">{{Citation | author=Taylor, F.B. | title = Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan | journal= GSA Bulletin | volume=21 |issue=2| pages=179–226| year=1910 | doi= 10.1130/GSAB-21-179| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601200620/ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/GSAToday/gt0507.pdf| url=ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/GSAToday/gt0507.pdf|url-status=dead | bibcode = 1910GSAB...21..179T| archive-date = 1 June 2018 }}</ref>
<ref name="Frankel-2012">Henry R. Frankel, "Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift", in ''The Continental Drift Controversy'' Volume 1: ''Wegener and the Early Debate'', pp. 38–80, Cambridge University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|9780521875042}} {{doi|10.1017/CBO9780511842368.004}}</ref>
<ref name="Hansen">Hansen, L. T., ''Some considerations of, and additions to the Taylor-Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement'', Los Angeles, 1946. {{OCLC|1247437 OCLC}}</ref>
<ref name="Wood-2016">R. M. Wood, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TO4uTA30NAC&pg=PA254 Coming Apart at the Seams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514222416/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TO4uTA30NAC&pg=PA254 |date=14 May 2016}}, ''New Scientist'', 24 January 1980</ref>
<ref name="PlateTectonics-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html |title=Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea |quote=Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories. |access-date=23 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411031414/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html |archive-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="UniCalifMusPaleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology, [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html Alfred Wegener (1880–1930)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208011353/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html |date=8 December 2017}} (accessed 30 April 2015).</ref>
<ref name="Unavco-2015">Unavco [http://www.unavco.org/software/geodetic-utilities/plate-motion-calculator/plate-motion-calculator.html Plate Motion Calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425002611/http://www.unavco.org/software/geodetic-utilities/plate-motion-calculator/plate-motion-calculator.html |date=25 April 2015}} (accessed 30 April 2015).</ref>
<ref name="Holmes-1931">{{cite journal|title=Radioactivity and Earth Movements|first=Arthur|last=Holmes|author-link=Arthur Holmes|journal=Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow|volume=18|issue=3|year=1931|pages=559–606|url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Holmes1931.pdf|doi=10.1144/transglas.18.3.559|s2cid=122872384|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009101823/http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Holmes1931.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Holmes-1944">{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Arthur |author-link= Arthur Holmes|title=Principles of Physical Geology |edition=1st |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Thomas Nelson & Sons |year=1944 |isbn=978-0-17-448020-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Wells-1931">See map based on the work of the American paleontologist [[Charles Schuchert]] in {{citation|title=The Science of life|first1=H. G.|last1=Wells|first2=Julian|last2=Huxley|first3=G. P.|last3=Wells|year=1931|page=445|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221951/page/n465/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="McKie-2012">{{cite news |title=David Attenborough: force of nature |first=Robin |last=McKie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/oct/26/richard-attenborough-climate-global-arctic-environment |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |location=London |date=28 October 2012 |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031164253/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/oct/26/richard-attenborough-climate-global-arctic-environment |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Carey-1958">{{Cite news |last1=Carey |first1=S. W. |year=1958|editor1-last=Carey |editor1-first=S. W. |title=Continental Drift—A symposium |publisher=Univ. of Tasmania |place=Hobart |pages=177–363}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheidegger-1953">{{citation|last= Scheidegger |first=Adrian E. |title=Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis |journal=GSA Bulletin |year=1953|volume= 64|issue=2 |pages= 127–150 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[127:EOTPOT]2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1953GSAB...64..127S}}</ref>
<ref name="Holmes-1928">{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Arthur |year=1928 |title=Radioactivity and Earth movements |journal=Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=559–606|doi=10.1144/transglas.18.3.559 |s2cid=122872384}}; see also {{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Arthur |author-link= Arthur Holmes|year=1978 |title=Principles of Physical Geology |edition=3 |publisher=Wiley |pages=640–41 |isbn=978-0-471-07251-5}} and {{cite journal |title=Arthur Holmes and continental drift |last=Frankel |first=Henry |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=July 1978 |pages=130–50 |jstor=4025726 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400016551|s2cid=145405854 }}.</ref>
<ref name="Wessel-2007">{{citation |last1=Wessel |first1=P. |last2=Müller |first2=R. D. |year=2007 |chapter=Plate Tectonics |title=Treatise on Geophysics |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |pages=49–98}}</ref>
<ref name="Vine-1966">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vine | first1 = F. J. | title = Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence | doi = 10.1126/science.154.3755.1405 | journal = Science | volume = 154 | issue = 3755 | pages = 1405–1415 | year = 1966 | pmid = 17821553|bibcode = 1966Sci...154.1405V | s2cid = 44362406}}</ref>
<ref name="Lippsett-2001">{{cite journal |last=Lippsett |first=Laurence |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Winter2001/ewing.html |title=Maurice Ewing and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory |journal=Living Legacies |year=2001 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112030533/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Winter2001/ewing.html |archive-date=12 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Lippsett-2006">{{cite book |last=Lippsett |first=Laurence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1os3mwQkxYC&pg=PR9|chapter=Maurice Ewing and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory |editor=William Theodore De Bary |editor2=Jerry Kisslinger |editor3=Tom Mathewson |title=Living Legacies at Columbia |year=2006 |access-date=22 June 2010|isbn=978-0-231-13884-0|pages=277–97 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref>
<ref name="Heezen-1960">{{cite journal |last=Heezen |first=B. |year=1960 |title=The rift in the ocean floor |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=203 |pages=98–110 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1060-98 |issue=4|bibcode=1960SciAm.203d..98H}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimes-2009">{{citation|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-me-vacquier24-2009jan24,0,3328591.story|journal=Los Angeles Times|title=Victor Vacquier Sr., 1907–2009: Geophysicist was a master of magnetics|date=24 January 2009|page=B24|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108214147/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-me-vacquier24-2009jan24,0,3328591.story|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=live}}.</ref>
<ref name="Mason-1961">{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Ronald G. |last2=Raff |first2=Arthur D. |year=1961 |title=Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32°N latitude and 42°N latitude |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of America |volume=72 |pages=1259–66|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1259:MSOTWC]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0016-7606|issue=8|bibcode= 1961GSAB...72.1259M}}</ref>
<ref name="Korgen-1995">{{cite journal |last=Korgen |first=Ben J. |year=1995 |title=A voice from the past: John Lyman and the plate tectonics story |journal=Oceanography |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=19–20 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.1995.29 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Spiess-2003">{{cite journal |last1=Spiess |first1=Fred |last2=Kuperman |first2=William |year=2003 |title=The Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps |journal=Oceanography |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2003.30 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Heirtzler-1966">See summary in {{cite journal |last1=Heirtzler |first1=James R. |first2=Xavier |last2=Le Pichon |first3=J. Gregory |last3=Baron |year=1966 |title=Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge |journal=Deep-Sea Research |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=427–32 |doi=10.1016/0011-7471(66)91078-3 |bibcode= 1966DSRA...13..427H}}</ref>
<ref name="LePichon-1968">{{cite journal |last=Le Pichon |first=Xavier |date=15 June 1968 |title=Sea-floor spreading and continental drift |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=73 |issue= 12 |pages=3661–97 |doi=10.1029/JB073i012p03661 |bibcode=1968JGR....73.3661L}}</ref>
<ref name="McKenzie-1967">{{cite journal |last1=Mc Kenzie |first1=D. |last2=Parker |first2=R.L. |year=1967 |title=The North Pacific: an example of tectonics on a sphere |journal=Nature |volume=216 |pages=1276–1280 |doi=10.1038/2161276a0 |issue=5122 |bibcode= 1967Natur.216.1276M|s2cid=4193218}}</ref>
<ref name="Barton-2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Barton | first1 = Cathy | year = 2002 | title = Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences | bibcode = 2002GSLSP.192..215B | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 192 | issue = 1| pages = 215–228 | doi = 10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.11 | s2cid = 131340403}}</ref>
<ref name="Blakemore-2016">Blakemore, Erin (30 August 2016). "Seeing Is Believing: How Marie Tharp Changed Geology Forever". Smithsonian.</ref>
<ref name="Evans-2002">Evans, R. (November 2002). "Plumbing Depths to Reach New Heights". Retrieved 2 June 2008.</ref>
<ref name="Doel-2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Doel | first1 = R.E. | last2 = Levin | first2 = T.J. | last3 = Marker | first3 = M.K. | year = 2006 | title = Extending modern cartography to the ocean depths: military patronage, Cold War priorities, and the Heezen-Tharp mapping project, 1952–1959 | journal = Journal of Historical Geography | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 605–626 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.011}}</ref>
<ref name="Wills-2016">Wills, Matthew (8 October 2016). "The Mother of Ocean Floor Cartography". JSTOR. Retrieved 14 October 2016. While working with the North Atlantic data, she noted what must have been a rift between high undersea mountains. This suggested earthquake activity, which then [was] only associated with [the] fringe theory of continental drift. Heezen infamously dismissed his assistant's idea as "girl talk." But she was right, and her thinking helped to vindicate Alfred Wegener's 1912 theory of moving continents. Yet Tharp's name isn't on any of the key papers that Heezen and others published about plate tectonics between 1959 and 1963, which brought this once-controversial idea to the mainstream of earth sciences.</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes-2011">{{cite news|date=12 January 2011|title=Jack Oliver, Who Proved Continental Drift, Dies at 87|page=A16|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/science/earth/12oliver.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526135459/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/science/earth/12oliver.html|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Isacks-1968">{{cite journal|last1=Isacks|first1=Bryan|last2=Oliver|first2=Jack|last3=Sykes|first3=Lynn R.|date=15 September 1968|title=Seismology and the New Global Tectonics|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|volume=73|issue=18|pages=5855–5899|bibcode=1968JGR....73.5855I|doi=10.1029/JB073i018p05855}}</ref>
<ref name="USGS">{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/continents.html |publisher=United States Geological Survey |title=Rejoined continents [This Dynamic Earth, USGS] |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825180951/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/continents.html |archive-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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