Editing Clouded leopard (section)

=== In captivity ===
[[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|thumb|A clouded leopard at the Feline Conservation Center, [[Rosamond, California]]]]
Clouded leopards have been kept in zoos since the early 20th century. The international [[studbook]] was initiated in the 1970s. Coordinated breeding programs were started in the 1980s and encompass the [[European Endangered Species Programme]], the [[Species Survival Plan]], and the Indian Conservation Breeding Programme. As of 2014, 64 institutions keep clouded leopards.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wildlife Institute of India |year=2014 |title=National Studbook of Clouded leopard (''Neofelis nebulosa''). TR. No. -2014/ 010 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Central Zoo Authority |chapter=Status in captivity |page=5 |url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/studbooks/english/Clouded%20Leopard%20_updated.pdf |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511081834/http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/studbooks/english/Clouded%2520Leopard%2520_updated.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Early captive-breeding programs involving clouded leopards were not successful, largely due to ignorance of their courtship behaviour. Males have the reputation of being aggressive towards females. For breeding success, it has been deemed extremely important that male and female clouded leopards are compatible.<ref name=WCoW/> Introducing pairs at a young age gives them opportunities to bond and breed successfully. Facilities breeding clouded leopards need to provide the female with a secluded, off-exhibit area.<ref name=clssp/> There has been some recent captive breeding success using [[artificial insemination]] with cubs successfully born in 1992, 2015 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=First Clouded Leopard Cub Produced with Cryopreserved Semen|url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/first-clouded-leopard-cub-produced-cryopreserved-semen|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Smithsonian's National Zoo|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022014407/https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/first-clouded-leopard-cub-produced-cryopreserved-semen|url-status=live}}</ref>

A study on [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate]] of 271 captive clouded leopards across 44 zoos in Europe, Asia and Australia showed that 17% of them died because of [[respiratory disease]], 12% due to maternal neglect and starvation, 10% from generalized infectious disease, 10% from [[digestive disease]]s, and 10% from trauma.<ref>{{Cite journal  |author1=Thorel, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pignon, C. |author3=Pascal A. |author4=Donnelly, T.M. |author5=Rivière, J. |year=2020 |title=Clouded Leopard (''Neofelis nebulosa'') morbidity and mortality in captive-bred populations: A comprehensive retrospective study of medical data from 271 individuals in European, Asian, and Australian zoos |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=150–158 |doi=10.1638/2019-0048 |doi-access= |pmid=32212558|s2cid=213184824 }}</ref>

In March 2011, two breeding females at the [[Nashville Zoo at Grassmere]] gave birth to three cubs, which were raised by zookeepers. Each cub weighed {{cvt|0.5|lb|kg|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/30302-clouded-leopard-cubs-born-110406.html |title=Cute! Clouded Leopard Cubs Born at Nashville Zoo |date=2011 |website=[[LiveScience]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003225515/http://www.livescience.com/30302-clouded-leopard-cubs-born-110406.html |archive-date=2014-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2011, two cubs were born at the [[Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium]]. The breeding pair was brought from the [[Khao Kheow Open Zoo]] in Thailand in an ongoing education and research exchange program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=503 |title=Welcome Our New Clouded Leopard Cubs |date=2011 |website=[[Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium]] |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627215101/http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=503}}</ref> Four cubs were born at Nashville Zoo in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2012/03/the_nashville_zoo_celebrates_t.html |title=The Nashville Zoo celebrates two sets of clouded leopard cubs |website=Associated Press |date=2012 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603123518/http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2012/03/the_nashville_zoo_celebrates_t.html}}</ref> In May 2015, four cubs were born in Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/2015/0522/702996-clouded-leopards-zoo/ |title=Four extremely rare leopards born in US zoo |website=RTÉ |date=2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524223015/http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/2015/0522/702996-clouded-leopards-zoo/ |url-status=live}}</ref>