Editing Clarinet (section)

==Repertoire==
=== Classical ===
{{main|Clarinet concerto|Clarinet sonata}}

The clarinet evolved later than other orchestral woodwind instruments, leaving solo repertoire from the [[Classical music era|Classical]] period onward, but few works from the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] era.{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} Examples of the first uses of clarinets include [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]]'s 1716 oratorio ''[[Juditha triumphans]]'' with two C clarinets,{{sfn|Rice|1992b|pp=81&ndash;82}} and [[Handel]]'s 1740 ''Ouverture'' for two clarinets and horn.{{sfn|Lawson|2009|pp=75&ndash;77}} In the 1750s, clarinets were introduced in the orchestra of La Pouplinière in Paris.{{sfn|Ellsworth|2022}} [[Johann Stamitz]] composed the first known concerto for B{{flat}} clarinet for the principal clarinetist of this orchestra.{{sfn|Rice|2022}} [[Johann Melchior Molter]] wrote six clarinet concertos for clarinet in D, the first dated to around 1742.{{sfn|Rice|2022}}

Clarinets appeared in the [[Mannheim orchestra]] under Stamitz and in other orchestras from 1758,{{sfn|Rice|2022}} but were not commonly used before the 19th century.{{sfn|Ellsworth|2022}} ''[[Harmonie]]'' wind ensembles including clarinets were common from the mid-18th century.{{sfn|Rice|2022}} Classical composers of solo or duo concertos for this instrument included [[Karl Stamitz]] and [[František Xaver Pokorný]].{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} The first [[clarinet sonata]] was written in 1770 by the Neapolitan composer Gregorio Sciroli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clarinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Thrasher-Italy.pdf|last=Thraser|first=Michael|work=ClarinetFest|date=2006|title=The clarinetist-composers of nineteenth-century Italy: an examination of style, repertoire and pedagogy}}</ref> 
[[File:Mozart Quintett Bassettklarinette Larghetto.ogg|thumb|Larghetto from the Mozart Quintet; Vlad Weverbergh on a replica of the Stadler clarinet]]
[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] first used the clarinet in 1771 in his Divertimento K. 113 and later in the ''[[Paris Symphony]]'' of 1778.{{sfn|Candé|1983|p=119}} From ''[[Idomeneo]]'' onward, the clarinet appeared in all his operas, as well as in his symphonies and [[Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|piano concerto]]s.{{sfn|Hoeprich|2008|p=75}} His chamber works for clarinet include the ''[[Gran Partita]]'', the [[Clarinet Quintet (Mozart)|Clarinet Quintet]], and the [[Kegelstatt Trio]]. The latter two works were written for his friend, virtuoso [[Anton Stadler]], as was his [[Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)|Clarinet Concerto]].{{sfn|Lott|2022}} [[Beethoven]]'s chamber music highlights the instrument, particularly in the Quintet Op. 16, the Septet Op. 20 and Trio Op. 38.{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}}

While the Classical period often used the clarinet, the [[Romantic era]] incorporated it more as an integral part of the orchestra.{{sfn|Rushton|2022}} The clarinet became a staple, with composers such as [[Schubert]], [[Mendelssohn]], [[Berlioz]], [[Dvořák]], [[Smetana]], [[Brahms]], [[Tchaikovsky]], and [[Rimsky-Korsakov]] writing prominent clarinet passages in their orchestral works.{{sfn|Ellsworth|2022}} In Romantic opera orchestration, the clarinet frequently takes on expressive, lyrical roles.{{sfn|Rushton|2022}} The clarinet section expanded to three or more players, with some performing on auxiliary instruments such as the [[bass clarinet]].{{sfn|Rushton|2022}} Certain operas, such as Strauss's ''[[Elektra (opera)|Elektra]]'', require up to eight players.{{sfn|Hoeprich|2008|p=225}}

Chamber music featuring the clarinet became increasingly diverse. The instrument appears in the works of [[Franz Schubert]] ([[Octet (Schubert)|Octet]]), [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (sonata with piano), [[Robert Schumann]] (''Phantasiestücke'' for clarinet and piano, ''[[Märchenerzählungen (Schumann)|Märchenerzählungen]]'' with piano and viola), and [[Johannes Brahms]] (two sonatas, the Trio with cello and piano and the [[Clarinet Quintet (Brahms)|Clarinet Quintet]] for Clarinet in A and [[string quartet]]).{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} [[Carl Maria von Weber]] wrote several major works for the clarinet, including the [[Clarinet Concerto No. 1 (Weber)|Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor]], the [[Clarinet Concerto No. 2 (Weber)|Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E flat major]], and the Grand Duo Concertant for clarinet and piano.{{sfn|Rice|2010|pp=172&ndash;174, 189}} However, from 1830 until 1900 "no major composer wrote a clarinet concerto, and the few concertos written for the instrument in this time period have not found a secure place in the repertoire".{{sfn|Schneider|2022}}

The clarinet is used frequently in [[20th-century classical music|20th-]] and [[21st-century classical music]]. It embodies the cat in ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]'' by [[Sergei Prokofiev]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/pieces/552/peter-and-the-wolf#|publisher=Los Angeles Philharmonic|last=Howard|first=Orrin|title=Peter and the Wolf|accessdate=12 April 2025}}</ref> and the symphonies of [[Shostakovich]] "provide a veritable compendium of writing for all members of the orchestral clarinet family; for him the instruments provided a toolkit for the expression of the deepest tragedy as well as the sharpest satire".{{sfn|Ellsworth|2022}} Significant pieces for unaccompanied clarinet include ''Three Pieces'' (1919) by [[Igor Stravinsky]]{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} and "L'abîme des oiseaux" from the ''[[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]'' (1941) by [[Olivier Messiaen]].{{sfn|Hoeprich|2008|p=222}} Concertos with orchestral accompaniment from this period include those by [[Carl Nielsen]] and [[Aaron Copland]].{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} Sonatas were composed by [[Felix Draeseke]], [[Max Reger]], [[Arnold Bax]], [[John Ireland (composer)|John Ireland]], [[Francis Poulenc]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], and [[Paul Hindemith]].{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}} Notable chamber works include ''Four Pieces'' by [[Alban Berg]], ''Contrastes'' with violin and piano by [[Béla Bartók]], ''[[The Soldier's Tale]]'' by Stravinsky, and the Suite for clarinet, violin and piano by [[Darius Milhaud]].{{sfn|Rees-Davies|1995}}

===Jazz===
{{Listen|filename=US Marine Band Rhapsody in Blue.oga|title=''Rhapsody in Blue''|description=The [[United States Marine Band]]'s 2018 performance of the 1924 jazz band version, opening with the clarinet glissando}}

The clarinet was a central instrument in jazz, beginning with early jazz players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of the genre through much of the [[big band]] era into the 1940s.{{sfn|Brown|1995}} One of the most recognizable clarinet excerpts is the virtuoso [[glissando]] that introduces the 1924 ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'' by [[George Gershwin]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Levy|first=Aidan|title=''Rhapsody in Blue'' at 90|magazine=[[JazzTimes]]|date=27 April 2014|url=https://jazztimes.com/features/columns/rhapsody-in-blue-at-90}}</ref> Swing performers such as [[Benny Goodman]] and [[Artie Shaw]] rose to prominence in the late 1930s.{{sfn|Brown|1995}}

Beginning in the 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz.{{sfn|Pino|1998|p=222}}{{sfn|Brown|1995}} By that time, an interest in [[Dixieland]], a revival of traditional New Orleans jazz, had begun. [[Pete Fountain]] was one of the best known performers in this genre.{{sfn|Pino|1998|p=222}}{{sfn|Suhor|2001|p=150}} The clarinet's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone, which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/arts/john-carter-s-case-for-the-clarinet.html |title=John Carter's case for the clarinet |first=Robert |last=Palmer |date=5 July 1981 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930014315/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/arts/john-carter-s-case-for-the-clarinet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The clarinet did not entirely disappear from jazz—prominent players since the 1950s include [[Stan Hasselgård]], [[Jimmy Giuffre]], [[Eric Dolphy]] (on bass clarinet), [[Perry Robinson]], and [[John Carter (jazz musician)|John Carter]]. In the US, the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included [[Eddie Daniels]], [[Don Byron]], [[Marty Ehrlich]], [[Ken Peplowski]], and others playing in both traditional and contemporary styles.{{Sfn|Brown|1995}}

===Other genres===
The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music. [[Jerry Martini]] played clarinet on [[Sly and the Family Stone]]'s 1968 hit, "[[Dance to the Music (song)|Dance to the Music]]".<ref>{{cite news|website=Kamloops This Week|title=Founding the Family Stone|url=https://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/entertainment/founding-the-family-stone-4373236|date=3 August 2018|last=Bass|first=Dale}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] included a trio of clarinets in "[[When I'm Sixty-Four]]" from their ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeks |first=John |date=June 2018 |title=Rock 'n' roll clarinets?! The Beatles' use of clarinets on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band |url=https://clarinet.org/rock-n-roll-clarinets-the-beatles-use-of-clarinets-on-sgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-band/ |journal=The Clarinet |volume=45 |issue=3 }}</ref> A clarinet is prominently featured in what a ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' reviewer termed a "Benny Goodman-flavored clarinet solo" in "[[Breakfast in America (song)|Breakfast in America]]", the title song from the [[Supertramp]] [[Breakfast in America|album of the same name]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Farrell |first=David |date=31 March 1979 |title=Closeup: Supertramp—Breakfast In America |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/70s/1979/Billboard%201979-03-31.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710195001/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/70s/1979/Billboard%201979-03-31.pdf |archivedate=10 July 2020 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=166}}</ref>

The clarinet has a significant role in [[vernacular music]] in many parts of the world.{{sfn|Starr|2022}} Clarinets feature prominently in [[klezmer]] music, which employs a distinctive style of playing.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/768201 |last=Slobin |first=Mark |year=1984 |title=Klezmer music: an American ethnic genre |journal=[[Yearbook for Traditional Music]] |volume=16 |pages=34–41 |jstor=768201 }}</ref> The popular Brazilian music style of [[choro]] uses the clarinet,{{sfn|Shahriari|2015|p=89}} as does Albanian ''saze'' and Greek ''kompania'' folk music,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brandl|first=Rudolf|title=The 'Yiftoi' and the music of Greece: role and function|journal=The World of Music|volume=38|issue=1|pages=7–32|jstor=41699070|year=1996}}</ref> and [[Bulgarian wedding music]].{{sfn|Starr|2022}} In [[Turkish folk music]], the Albert system clarinet in G is often used, commonly called a "Turkish clarinet".{{sfn|Starr|2022}}{{sfn|Değirmenci|2013|page=76}}