Editing Christopher Columbus (section)

=== Second voyage (1493–1496) ===
[[File:Columbus second voyage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Columbus's second voyage{{efn|Omitted from this image, Columbus returned to [[Guadeloupe]] at the end of his second voyage before sailing back to Spain.{{Sfn|Morison|1991|pp=498–501}}}}]]

On 24 September 1493, Columbus sailed from [[Cádiz]] with 17 ships, and supplies to establish permanent colonies in the Americas. He sailed with nearly 1,500 men, including sailors, soldiers, priests, carpenters, stonemasons, metalworkers, and farmers. Among the expedition members were [[Diego Álvarez Chanca|Alvarez Chanca]], a physician who wrote a detailed account of the second voyage; Juan Ponce de León, the first governor of [[Puerto Rico]] and Florida; the father of Bartolomé de las Casas; [[Juan de la Cosa]], a cartographer who is credited with making the first [[Map of Juan de la Cosa|world map depicting the New World]]; and Columbus's youngest brother Diego.<ref name="DeaganCruxent2008">{{cite book |last1=Deagan |first1=Kathleen A. |last2=Cruxent |first2=José María |title=Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13391-2 |page=xxxix (5)<!-- part of preface numbering --> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rv4aeMw_PA4C&pg=PR39}}</ref> The fleet stopped at the Canary Islands to take on more supplies, and set sail again on 7 October, deliberately taking a more southerly course than on the first voyage.<ref name="Bedini2016705">{{cite book |last1=Bedini |first1=Silvio A. |editor1-last=Bedini |editor1-first=Silvio A. |title=The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12573-9 |page=705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA705}}</ref>

On 3 November, they arrived in the [[Windward Islands]]; the first island they encountered was named [[Dominica]] by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named {{lang|es|Mariagalante}}, now a part of [[Guadeloupe]] and called [[Marie-Galante]]. Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were [[Montserrat]], [[Antigua]], [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], the [[Virgin Islands]], as well as many others.<ref name="Bedini2016705" />

On 17 November, Columbus first sighted the eastern coast of the [[island of Puerto Rico]], known to its native [[Taino]] people as {{lang|tnq|Borikén}}. His fleet sailed along the island's southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of [[Añasco]], early on 19 November. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island ''San Juan Bautista'' after [[John the Baptist]], and remained anchored there for two days from 20 to 21 November, filling the water casks of the ships in his fleet.<ref name="Monson1986">{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Samuel Eliot |title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-504222-1 |pages=440, 448–449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA448}}</ref>

[[File:Inspiración de Cristóbal Colón, por José María Obregón.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''The Inspiration of Christopher Columbus'' by [[José María Obregón]], 1856]]

On 22 November, Columbus returned to [[Hispaniola]] to visit ''La Navidad'' in modern-day [[Haiti]], where 39 Spaniards had been left during the first voyage. Columbus found the fort in ruins. He learned from [[Guacanagaríx]], the local tribe leader, that his men had quarreled over gold and taken women from the tribe, and that after some left for the territory of [[Caonabo]], Caonabo came and burned the fort and killed the rest of the men there.{{sfn|Morison|1991|pp=423–427}}<ref name="DeaganCruxent1993" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/taino/taino-conquest.htm |title=The Spanish Conquest of the Tainos |author=Antonio de la Cova |website=Latin American Studies |publisher=Antonio Rafael de la Cova |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Las Casas, Bartolomé, Las Casas on Columbus: Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages (consisting of a section of History of the Indies by Las Casas, and commentary), Translated and Edited by Nigel Griffen, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, Belgium, 1999 (original work: 1535), pp. 96–97</ref>

Columbus then established a poorly located and short-lived settlement to the east, [[La Isabela]],<ref name="DeaganCruxent2008" /> in the present-day [[Dominican Republic]].<ref>"[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090319132954.htm Teeth Of Columbus's Crew Flesh Out Tale Of New World Discovery]". ''ScienceDaily''. 20 March 2009.</ref> By the end of 1494, disease and famine had killed two-thirds of the Spanish settlers there.<ref name="Austin-Alchon2003">{{Cite book |last=Austin Alchon |first=Suzanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA62 |title=A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8263-2871-7 |page=62 |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

From April to August 1494, Columbus explored Cuba and Jamaica, then returned to Hispaniola.<ref>Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 118–130</ref> Before leaving on this exploration to Cuba, Columbus had ordered a large number of men, under Pedro Margarit, to "journey the length and breadth of the island, enforcing Spanish control and bringing all the people under the Spanish yoke."<ref>Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 117–118</ref> These men, in his absence, raped women, took men captive to be servants, and stole from the indigenous people. A number of Spanish were killed in retaliation.  By the time Columbus returned from exploring Cuba, the four primary leaders of the Arawak people in Hispaniola were gathering for war to try to drive the Spanish from the Island. Columbus assembled a large number of troops, and joined with his one native ally, chief [Guacanagarix], met for battle. The Spanish, even though they were largely outnumbered, won this battle, and over the next 9 months Columbus continued to wage war on the native Taíno on Hispaniola until they surrendered and agreed to pay tribute.<ref>Las Casas, Las Casas on Columbus, Background and the 2nd and 4th Voyages, pp. 130–134, 137–138, 147–149</ref>

Columbus implemented {{lang|es|[[encomienda]]}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeager |first1=Timothy J. |date=3 March 2009 |title=''Encomienda'' or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=842–859 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700042182 |jstor=2123819 |s2cid=155030781}}</ref><ref>Lyle N. McAlister (1984). ''[[iarchive:spainportugalinn0000mcal/page/164|Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700]]''. University of Minnesota Press. p. 164. {{ISBN|0-8166-1218-8}}.</ref> a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christian people.  It is also recorded that punishments to both Spaniards and natives included whippings and mutilation (cutting noses and ears).<ref>De Cuneo, Michele. "Michel de Cuneo's Letter on the Second Voyage, 28 October 1495." Journal and other Documents in the Life of Christopher Columbus. Edited and Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison. New York: The Heritage Press, 1963. p. 215</ref><ref>Cólon, Ferdinand. The Life of The Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son Ferdinand.  Edited and translated by Benjamin Keen.  New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959 (Originally published 1571), p. 129</ref>

Columbus and the colonists enslaved many of the indigenous people,{{Sfn|Morison|1991|pp=482–85}} including children.<ref>Olson, Julius E. and Edward G. Bourne (editors). "The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985–1503", in ''The Voyages of the Northmen; The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot''. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 369–383.</ref> Natives were beaten, raped, and tortured for the location of imagined gold.<ref name="Stannard1993">{{cite book |last1=Stannard |first1=David E. |author-link=David Stannard |title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-983898-1 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWhdMtGt5xUC&pg=PA69}}</ref> Thousands committed suicide rather than face the oppression.<ref>Koning, Hans. Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976: 83–83.</ref>{{efn|The tribute system had all but collapsed by 1497.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deagan |first1=Kathleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWGZP0V8WroC&pg=PA62 |title=Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498 |last2=Cruxent |first2=José María |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-13389-9 |location=New Haven, CT |page=62}}</ref>}}

In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid. About 500 of the strongest were shipped to Spain as slaves,{{sfn|Dyson|1991|pp=183, 190}} with about two hundred of those dying en route.<ref name="Zinn" /><ref name="CohenPenman2017">{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Rhaina |last2=Penman |first2=Maggie |last3=Boyle |first3=Tara |last4=Vedantam |first4=Shankar |date=20 November 2017 |title=An American Secret: The Untold Story Of Native American Enslavement |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/20/565410514/an-american-secret-the-untold-story-of-native-american-enslavement |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121033940/https://www.npr.org/2017/11/20/565410514/an-american-secret-the-untold-story-of-native-american-enslavement |archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>

In June 1495, the Spanish Crown sent ships and supplies to Hispaniola. In October, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi, who had won the contract to provision the fleet of Columbus's second voyage and to supply the colony on Hispaniola, received almost 40,000 {{lang|es|maravedís}} worth of enslaved Indians. He renewed his effort to get supplies to Columbus, and was working to organize a fleet when he suddenly died in December.<ref name="Felipe2007">{{Cite book |last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9khjlWQPWUC&pg=PA54 |title=Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America |publisher=Random House |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-6281-2 |location=New York |pages=54–55}}</ref> On 10 March 1496, having been away about 30 months,{{Sfn|Morison|1991|p=497}} the fleet departed La Isabela. On 8 June the crew sighted land somewhere between Lisbon and [[Cape St. Vincent]], and disembarked in Cádiz on 11 June.<ref name="Cook 1998">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Noble David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvjNyZTFrS4C&pg=PA36 |title=Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-62730-6 |page=36}}</ref>