Editing Charles Edward Stuart (section)

===Life in Europe: 1746–1766===
Charles landed back in France on {{OldStyleDate|10 October|1746|29 September}}.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=200}} On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=201}} However, he became at once the popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his exploits in Scotland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=201}} In March 1747, he travelled briefly to [[Madrid]] via Lyon for an audience with [[Ferdinand VI of Spain]], but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=203}} His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal's]] hat in July 1747.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=200}} He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action).{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=200}} 
[[File:Clementina Walkinshaw NG.jpg|thumb|right|Clementina Walkinshaw 1760]]
[[File:CharlotteStuart.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany]] was the only child of Charles to survive infancy (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton)]]
While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=211}}{{sfn|Bongie|1986|p=1}} He had a relationship with his first cousin [[Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne]], wife of [[Jules, Prince of Guéméné]], that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749).{{sfn|Bongie|1986|p=2}} In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]].{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=61}}{{sfn|Kaiser|1997|page=365}} Briefly imprisoned with [[John Roy Stewart]] at the [[Château de Vincennes]],{{sfn|Kaiser|1997|page=365}} he was then expelled from France under the terms of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] that ended the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].{{sfn|McLynn|1985|p=35}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=210}} He moved first to the Papal territory at [[Avignon]], and then in 1749 to [[Lunéville]] in the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=63}}{{efn|name=Lorraine|The Duchy was annexed to France in 1766.}} In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities.{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=65}}

After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant.{{sfn|Aronson|1979|page=307}} Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the [[Essex Street, London|Essex Street]] London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd [[Viscount of Primrose]].<ref name="NT">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/773310|title=The visit of Prince Charles to London |publisher=[[The National Trust]] |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=267}} While in London, Charles [[Abjuration|abjured]] the Catholic faith{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=268}} and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] communion, likely at one of the remaining [[Nonjuring schism|non-juring]] chapels.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=268}} Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion.<ref>{{cite ODNB | url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-105934 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/105934 | date=2013 | last1=Robb | first1=Steven | title=Gordon, Robert (Bap. 1703, d. 1779), Jacobite sympathizer and the last bishop of the nonjuring Church of England }}</ref> A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788.{{efn|name=GraysInn|Reported in the ''Gentleman's Magazine'', 1788.}} This rebuts [[David Hume]]'s suggestion that it took place at a church in the Strand.<ref>Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009</ref> and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=268}}

Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, [[Clementina Walkinshaw]] (later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion.{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=70}} She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] government of Great Britain.{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=78}} On 29 October 1753, the couple had a daughter, [[Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany|Charlotte]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=254}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=265}}{{sfn|McLynn|1988|p=344}} Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James]]'s assistance.{{sfn|McLynn|1985|p=375}}{{efn|name=Charlotte|Charlotte went on to have illegitimate children with [[Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan|Ferdinand]], an ecclesiastical member of the [[House of Rohan|Rohan family]]. Their only son was [[Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart]].}}

In 1759, at the height of the [[Seven Years' War]], Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the [[Étienne François, duc de Choiseul|Duc De Choiseul]].{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=82}} Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations.{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=84}} Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men,{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=81}} to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance.{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=84}} [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|The French invasion]], which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at [[Battle of Quiberon Bay|Quiberon Bay]] and [[Battle of Lagos|Lagos]].{{sfn|McLynn|1988|p=450}}