Editing Canberra (section)

===Urban structure===
{{Main|Suburbs of Canberra}}
[[File:Inner-canberra 01MJC.png|right|thumb|Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the [[Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra|Parliamentary Triangle]].]]
[[File:Canberra Civic Centre-1.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[Civic, Australian Capital Territory|Civic Centre]] from [[Mount Ainslie]]]]
Canberra is a [[New town|planned city]] and the inner-city area was originally designed by [[Walter Burley Griffin]], a major 20th-century American architect.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=60-63}} Within the central area of the city near Lake Burley Griffin, major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern rather than a grid.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=67}} Griffin's proposal had an abundance of geometric patterns, including concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=67}} However, the outer areas of the city, built later, are not laid out geometrically.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=10-120}}

Lake Burley Griffin was deliberately designed so that the orientation of the components was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=3}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}} The lakes stretch from east to west and divided the city in two; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretches from [[Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Capital Hill]]—the eventual location of the new [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] on a mound on the southern side—north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along [[Anzac Parade, Canberra|Anzac Parade]] to the [[Australian War Memorial]].{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=1-3}} This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of [[Mount Ainslie]]. At the southwestern end of the land axis was [[Bimberi Peak]],{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}} the highest mountain in the ACT, approximately {{cvt|52|km|0}} south west of Canberra.{{sfn|Penguin Books Australia|2000|p=28}}

The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin of Lake Burley Griffin was perpendicular to the land axis and designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards [[Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)|Black Mountain]].{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}} A line parallel to the water axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}} The municipal axis became the location of [[Constitution Avenue, Canberra|Constitution Avenue]], which links [[City Hill, Canberra|City Hill]] in [[City, Australian Capital Territory|Civic Centre]] and both Market Centre and the Defence precinct on Russell Hill. [[Commonwealth Avenue, Canberra|Commonwealth Avenue]] and [[Kings Avenue, Canberra|Kings Avenue]] were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively, and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin. The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the [[Parliamentary Triangle]], and formed the centrepiece of Griffin's work.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}}
[[File:Canberra National Arboretum with Telstra Tower, Canberra ACT.JPG|thumb|[[Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)|Black Mountain]] with the landmark [[Telstra Tower]] on the right and the [[National Arboretum Canberra|National Arboretum]] in the foreground]]

The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and [[Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Red Hill]] and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers. That way each hill would be covered with a single, primary colour which represented its spiritual value.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=64-67}} This part of their plan never came to fruition, as World War I slowed construction and planning disputes led to Griffin's dismissal by Prime Minister [[Billy Hughes]] after the war ended.{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=69-79}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=William%20Morris%20Hughes |title=Timeline Entries for William Morris Hughes |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=13 May 2010 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115023419/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven residential districts, each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities.{{sfn|Universal Publishers|2007|pp=10-60}} The districts were settled in the following chronological order:
*[[Canberra Central]], mostly settled in the 1920s and 1930s, with expansion up to the 1960s,{{sfn|Gibbney|1988|pp=110-200}} 25 suburbs
*[[Woden Valley]], first settled in 1964,{{sfn|Sparke|1988|p=180}} 12 suburbs
*[[Belconnen]], first settled in 1966,{{sfn|Sparke|1988|p=180}} 27 suburbs (2 not yet developed)
*[[Weston Creek]], settled in 1969, 8 suburbs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wccc.com.au/Pages/aboutweston.php |title=About Weston Creek, Canberra |publisher=Weston Creek Community Council |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408010446/http://www.wccc.com.au/Pages/aboutweston.php |archive-date=8 April 2010}}</ref>
*[[Tuggeranong]], settled in 1974,{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1987|p=167}} 18 suburbs
*[[Gungahlin]], settled in the early 1990s, 18 suburbs (3 not yet developed)
*[[Molonglo Valley]], development began in 2010, 13 suburbs planned.

The Canberra Central district is substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}{{sfn|National Capital Development Commission|1988|p=17}}<ref name=map/> In 1967 the then [[National Capital Development Commission]] adopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154-155}} with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154-155}}

Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/opinion/how-to-cut-through-the-acts-planning-thicket/717006.aspx?storypage=0 |title=How to cut through the ACT's planning thicket |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=2 March 2005 |access-date=13 May 2010 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113073334/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/opinion/how-to-cut-through-the-acts-planning-thicket/717006.aspx?storypage=0}}</ref><ref name=rest>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/04/09/2868553.htm |title=It's time to review the grand plan for Canberra, says the NCA |last=Trail |first=Jim |date=9 April 2010 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=13 May 2010 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121145343/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/04/09/2868553.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> both through planning processes and the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land. Land in the ACT is held on 99-year crown leases from the national government, although most leases are now administered by the Territory government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/property_purchases/leases_licenses/grants_of_leases |title=Grants of leases |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority|ACT Planning & Land Authority]] |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929065643/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/property_purchases/leases_licenses/grants_of_leases |archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> There have been persistent calls for constraints on development to be liberalised,<ref name=rest/> but also voices in support of planning consistent with the original 'bush capital' and 'urban forest' ideals that underpin Canberra's design.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alexandra |first1=Jason |last2=Norman |first2=Barbara |date=23 July 2020 |title=The city as forest - integrating living infrastructure, climate conditioning and urban forestry in Canberra, Australia |journal=Sustainable Earth |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s42055-020-00032-3 |issn=2520-8748 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020SuERv...3...10A}}</ref>

Many of Canberra's [[List of Canberra suburbs|suburbs]] are named after former Prime Ministers, famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title.<ref name=name/> [[Street name]]s typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of [[Duffy, Australian Capital Territory|Duffy]] are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of [[Dunlop, Australian Capital Territory|Dunlop]] are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of [[Page, Australian Capital Territory|Page]] are named after biologists and naturalists.<ref name=name>{{cite web |url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/maps_land_survey/place_names/place_name_processes |title=Place name processes |publisher=[[Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority|ACT Planning & Land Authority]] |date=11 May 2009 |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419123735/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/maps_land_survey/place_names/place_name_processes |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> Most [[diplomatic mission]]s are located in the suburbs of [[Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory|Yarralumla]], [[Deakin, Australian Capital Territory|Deakin]], and [[O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory|O'Malley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/list.rails |title=Foreign Embassies in Australia |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321131224/http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/list.rails |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are three light industrial areas: the suburbs of [[Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory|Fyshwick]], [[Mitchell, Australian Capital Territory|Mitchell]], and [[Hume, Australian Capital Territory|Hume]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-September-2000/johnston.html |last=Johnston |first=Dorothy |title=Cyberspace and Canberra Crime Fiction |date=September 2000 |work=Australian Humanities Review |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107064831/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-September-2000/johnston.html |archive-date=7 January 2011}}</ref>
{{wide image|Canberra From Black Mountain Tower.jpg|800px|Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales, taken from the [[Telstra Tower]]}}
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