Editing Cádiz (section)

==Main sights==
[[File:Vistas desde la Torre de Poniente - Cádiz - DSC 0023.jpg|thumb|City skyline]]
[[File:Cadiz Spain.jpg|thumb|View of Cádiz, with Catedral de Cádiz, from Mirador El Vendaval]]

Among the many landmarks of historical and scenic interest in Cádiz, a few stand out. The city can boast of an unusual cathedral of various [[architectural style]]s, a theater, an old municipal building, an 18th-century watchtower, a vestige of the ancient city wall, an ancient Roman theater, and electrical pylons of an eye-catchingly modern design carrying cables across the Bay of Cádiz. The old town is characterized by narrow streets connecting squares (''plazas''), bordered by the sea and by the city walls. Most of the landmark buildings are situated in the plazas.

===Plazas and their landmark buildings===
The old town of Cádiz is one of the most densely populated urban areas in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.directferries.co.uk/arrecife_cadiz_ferry.htm|title=Arrecife to Cadiz ferry tickets, compare times and prices|website=www.directferries.co.uk}}</ref> and is packed with narrow streets. The old town benefits, though, from several striking plazas, which are enjoyed by citizens and tourists alike. These are the ''Plaza de Mina'', ''Plaza San Antonio'', ''Plaza de Candelaria'', ''Plaza de San Juan de Dios'', and ''Plaza de España''.

====Plaza de Mina====
Located in the heart of the old town, Plaza de Mina was developed in the first half of the 19th century. Previously, the land occupied by the plaza was the orchard of the convent of San Francisco. The plaza was converted into a plaza in 1838 by the architect Torcuato Benjumeda and (later) Juan Daura, with its trees being planted in 1861. It was then redeveloped again in 1897, and has remained virtually unchanged since that time. It is named after General [[Francisco Espoz y Mina]], a hero of the war of independence. [[Manuel de Falla]] y Matheu was born in Number 3 Plaza de Mina, where a plaque bears his name. The plaza also contains several statues, one of these is a bust of [[José Macpherson]] (a pioneer in the development of [[petrography]], [[stratigraphy]] and [[tectonics]]) who was born in number 12 Plaza de Mina in 1839. The [[Museum of Cádiz]], is to be found at number 5 Plaza de Mina, and contains many objects from Cádiz's 3000-year history as well as works by artists such as [[Peter Paul Rubens]]. The houses which face the plaza, many of which can be classified as [[neo-classical architecture]] or built in the style of [[Isabelline Gothic]], were originally occupied by the Cádiz [[bourgeoisie]].

The Plaza de la Catedral houses both the Cathedral and the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] church of ''Santiago'', built in 1635.

====Plaza de San Francisco and San Francisco Church and Convent====
[[File:San Antonio church 263.jpg|thumb|San Francisco church]]

Located next to Plaza de Mina, this smaller square houses the San Francisco church and convent. Originally built in 1566, it was substantially renovated in the 17th century,<ref name="cadiz2">{{cite web |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Cádiz |title=Monastery and Church of San Francisco |website=Cadiz.es |url=http://turismo.cadiz.es/en/rutas-y-visitas-en-cadiz/monastery-and-church-san-francisco |language=es |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> when its cloisters were added.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plan your stay in Cádiz |url=http://espanafascinante.com/english/things-to-do-in-cadiz-hotels-in-cadiz-restaurants-in-cadiz/ |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=España Fascinante |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813181647/http://espanafascinante.com/english/things-to-do-in-cadiz-hotels-in-cadiz-restaurants-in-cadiz/|archive-date=13 August 2016 |date=2012}}</ref> Originally, the Plaza de Mina formed the convent's orchard.

====Plaza San Antonio====
[[File:Iglesia de San Antonio de Padua, Cádiz.jpg|thumb|left|Plaza de San Antonio and church]]

In the 19th century Plaza San Antonio was considered to be Cádiz's main square. The square is surrounded by a number of mansions built in [[neo-classical architecture]] or [[Isabelline Gothic]] style, once occupied by the Cádiz upper classes. San Antonio church, originally built in 1669, is also situated in the plaza.

The plaza was built in the 18th century, and on 19 March 1812 the Spanish [[Constitution of 1812]] was proclaimed here, leading to the plaza to be named Plaza de la Constitución, and then later Plaza San Antonio, after the hermit San Antonio.

In 1954 the city's mayor proclaimed the location a historic site. All construction is prohibited.

====Plaza de Candelaria====
The Plaza de Candelaria is named after the Candelaria convent, situated in the square until it was demolished in 1873 under the [[First Spanish Republic]], when its grounds were redeveloped as a plaza. The plaza is notable for a statue in its centre of [[Emilio Castelar]], president of the first Spanish republic, who was born in a house facing the square. A plaque situated on another house, states that [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], an Irish-Chilean adventurer and former dictator of Chile, also lived in the square.

====Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral====
{{Main|Cádiz Cathedral}}
[[File:Catedral de Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 56.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cádiz Cathedral]]]]
One of Cádiz's most famous landmarks is its cathedral. Unlike in many places, the Cathedral of Cádiz, known locally as the "New Cathedral," is officially the Cathedral de "Santa Cruz sobre el mar" or "Santa Cruz sobre las Aguas". It was not built on the site of the original Cathedral de Santa Cruz. The latter was completed in 1263 at the behest of Alfonso X, and burned in the Anglo-Dutch attack on the city in 1596.<ref>{{cite web |title= Iglesia de Santa Cruz (Catedral Vieja) |website= cadiz.es |language= es |publisher= Ayuntamiento de Cádiz |url= https://turismo.cadiz.es/en/rutas-y-visitas-en-cadiz/santa-cruz-church-old-cathedral |access-date= 24 January 2025 }}</ref> The reconstruction of the old cathedral started in the early 17th century, but when the city became more prosperous following the move of the ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' from Seville to Cádiz in 1717,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Alonso Diez |first1= Carlos Simón |date= 1996 |title= El Traslado de la casa de la contratacion a Cadiz - 1717 |language= es |journal= Revista de la faculdade de letras |location= Universidade de Porto |issue=  |pages= 353-364 |url= https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/2167.pdf |access-date= Jan 24, 2025 }}</ref> it was felt that a grander cathedral was needed.<ref name="catedraldecadiz.com">{{cite web |title= La Catedral |date= 23 April 2015 |website= catedraldecadiz.com |language= es |url= http://www.catedraldecadiz.com/la-catedral/ |access-date= 24 January 2025 }}</ref>

Work on the New Cathedral started in 1722 and was supervised by the architect [[Vicente Acero]], who had also built the [[Granada Cathedral]]. Acero resigned from the project and was succeeded by several other architects. As a result, this largely Baroque-style cathedral was built over a period of 116 years, and, due to this drawn-out period of construction, the cathedral underwent several major changes to its original design. Though the cathedral was originally intended to be a baroque edifice with some [[rococo]] elements, it was completed in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical style]].<ref name="catedraldecadiz.com"/> Its [[chapel]]s have many paintings and relics from the old cathedral in Cádiz and as well as from monasteries throughout Spain.
<!--
{{Infobox catedral|de Santa Cruz|Cádiz|Cadizcathedral.jpg|Cádiz|1722|1838|barroco|rococó|neoclásico}} '''Cathedral of Cádiz''' is the episcopal seat of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta|diocese of Cádiz]], in Spain.] begin to construct in 1722 and not finish until the 28 November 1838. It receives the name of "Santa Cruz on the Sea" although the gaditanos demominan "New Cathedral" in contrast to the Old Cathedral (of Santa Cruz) sent to construct by [[Alfonso X]] the Wise person. It is located in the Seat of the Cathedral and is visible from almost any point of the city. It as much has schedule of visits for the interior of the recint like for the Tower of the West. The same entrance to [[cathedral]] serves to accede to the Cathedral Museum, located in Plaza Fray Felix next to the Old Cathedral. ==Historia== is a religious building of great proportions that was begun to construct according to project of the architect [[Vicente Steel]] in 1722. Steel left the project in 1739 and position became of works [[Gaspar Cayón]], passing in 1757 to its nephew [[Torcuato Cayón]]. After its death in 1783, happens [to him [Miguel Olive]] until 1790, date in which [begins to direct to the work [Manuel Machuca]]. Finally from 1832 to its conclusion the works directs [[to them Juan Daura]]. In the 116 years that its construction took, one sees the different change of style and tastes of [[architect]]s, explains the mixture of styles, basically three: [[baroque]], [[the neoclasicismo|neoclásico Rococo]] and (?). The materials that were used very were varied due to the different economic crises from which it had to in front make the city during the period of construction, therefore marble can be observed genovés for the different altars and doors, limestone stone and [[ostionera stone]] for the outer walls. He was Fray bishop Domingo de Silos who blessed in 1838. Because of the delay of works, many parts of the temple were exposed to the rigors of the time. This and the same situation of the building next to the sea has caused a disease in the stone that causes that this one is crumbled little by little; it is for that reason that the vaults of the temple are covered by networks that avoid the rubble fall to the ground. ==Características== the cover is a conjunction of concave and convex forms, characteristic of the baroque style. The towers that rise on both sides of the cover culminate in form of astronomical observatory; it is an exceptional fact that the Cathedral of Cádiz has bell towers of such height, since the construction of such structures was prohibited by the Borbones, when constituting a easy target for the enemy. [Has plant of [Latin cross]] and three ships, being delimited the space by sets of columns. The greater altar consists of templete of neoclassic style dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. In all the perimeter of the temple chapels (that at the moment of the construction were dedicated to lodge the necessary factories for the work of the temple) dedicated to the figure of the Ecce Homo (builds of "the Sheave") or to the patronos of the city are observed; ''San Servando'' and ''San Germán'', among others. One of these chapels lodges the monumental Safekeeping of silver, builds of [[Enrique de Arfe]], that contains the Sagrada Forma in the festividad of Corpus Christi. It is possible to emphasize the two marble figures of ''San Pedro'' and ''San Pablo'' who is next to the entrance of the two smaller doors of [[cathedral]]. On the fore door are footpaths statues of the ''patronos'' saints of the city of Cádiz, ''[[San Servando]]'' and ''[[San Germán]]''. It has several cupolas, emphasizing two; the greater cupola composed by a drum and the own cupola are based on pechinas and in his outside it is covered with golden tiles that during the day reflect rays of the Sun. Contiguous to this one another cupola of smaller dimensions is, located on the greater altar. Another smaller cupola is located on a dedicated room to keep different relics and rest. Under the greater altar is cripta, located under the level of the sea where Manuel de Falla is buried gaditanos illustrious personages like (??) and [[Jose Maria Pemán]]. An interesting element of [[cathedral]] is its choir; it is located in center, before the greater altar. True works of art are the ashlar masonry of the choir and both organs that it has. The Cathedral of Cádiz has an extensive musical file of the old Musical Chapel, with works of composers like Padilla, Garci'a Fajer or Delgado. At the moment an intention exists to recover of the forgetfulness all these works that, in most of the cases, only touched the day of their opening for the offices. ==Enlaces externos== * {{mentions last Web | = | first = | enlaceautor = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | URL = http://www.spain.info/TourSpain/Arte%20y%20Cultura/Monumentos/A/DW/0/Catedral%20de%20Cadiz?Language=ES | title = Cathedral of Cadiz | format = | builds = http://www.spain.info/ | publisher = | fechaacceso = 2007-02-05 | añoacceso = 2007 | Spanish language =}} * {{mentions last Web | = | first = | enlaceautor = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | URL = http://www.cadiznet.com/0404060FD3C3Ar7Dpd7Ev2C2D7C7E7Di212Fi2A23 | title = Cathedrals of Cadiz | format = | builds = http://www.cadiznet.com/ | publisher = | fechaacceso = 2007-02-05 | añoacceso = 2007 | Spanish language =}} * -->

====Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall====
[[File:Cadiz Plaza de San Juan de Dios.jpg|thumb|right|View of the Plaza de San Juan de Dios, featuring the façade of the Old Town Hall.]]

Construction of this plaza began in the 15th century on lands reclaimed from the sea. With the demolition of the City walls in 1906 the plaza increased in size and a statue of the Cádiz politician Segismundo Moret was unveiled. Overlooking the plaza, the ''[[Ayuntamiento]]'' is the [[town hall]] of Cádiz's ''Old City''. The structure, constructed on the bases and location of the previous [[Consistorial Houses]] (1699), was built in two stages. The first stage began in 1799 under the direction of architect [[Torcuato Benjumeda]] in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style. The second stage was completed in 1861 under the direction of [[García del Alamo]], in the [[Isabelline Gothic]] ({{langx|es|Gótico Isabelino}} or, simply, the ''Isabelino'') style. Here, in 1936, the flag of [[Andalusia]] was hoisted for the first time.

====Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2013}}
[[File:Monumento a la Constitución de 1812, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 80.JPG|thumb|left|[[Monument to the Constitution of 1812]]]]

The Plaza de España is a large square close to the port. It is dominated by the [[Monument to the Constitution of 1812]], which came into being as a consequence of the demolition of a portion of the old city wall. The plaza is an extension of the old [[Plazuela del Carbón]].

The goal of this demolition was to create a grand new city square to mark the hundredth anniversary of the liberal constitution, which was proclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide a setting for a suitable memorial. The work is by the architect, [[Modesto Lopez Otero]], and of the sculptor, [[Aniceto Marinas]]. The work began in 1912 and finished in 1929.

====Plaza Fragela and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)====
The original ''[[Gran Teatro Falla|Gran Teatro]]'' was constructed in 1871 by the architect García del Alamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August 1881. The current theater was built between 1884 and 1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro. The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of construction was Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside was covered in red [[brick]]s and is of a [[Neo Mudéjar|neo-Mudéjar]] or [[Moorish Revival|Moorish revival]] style. Following renovations in the 1920s, the theater was renamed the ''Gran Teatro Falla'', in honor of composer [[Manuel de Falla]], who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period of disrepair in the 1980s, the theater has since undergone extensive renovation.
[[File:Plaza de las Tortugas, Cadiz (Spain).jpg|thumb|Plaza de las Tortugas]]

===Other sights===

====Tavira tower====
In the 18th century, Cádiz had more than 160 towers from which local merchants could look out to sea to watch for arriving [[Cargo ship|merchant ships]] from the New World. These towers often formed part of the merchants' houses, but this particular tower was located on a high point in the city, 45 meters above sea level, and was chosen by the Navy as their official lookout in 1787 (after eliminating several other locations previously).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cadizpedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Torre_Tavira_(C%C3%A1diz)|title=Torre Tavira (Cádiz) - Cadizpedia|website=cadizpedia.wikanda.es|access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> The ''Torre Tavira'', was named for its original watchman, Don Antonio Tavira, a lieutenant in the Spanish Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.torretavira.com/en/tavira-towers-history/|title=Tavira Tower's History - CAMERA OBSCURA (Cádiz)|website=www.torretavira.com|access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> Today it is the tallest of the towers which still dot the Cádiz skyline. Since 1994 there is a ''[[camera obscura]]'', a room that uses the principle of the [[pinhole camera]] and a specially prepared [[Lens (optics)|convex lens]] to project panoramic views of the Old City onto a concave disc. There are also two exhibition rooms and a rooftop terrace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.torretavira.com/en/visiting-the-tavira-tower/|title=Visiting the Tavira Tower - Torre Tavira (Cádiz)|website=www.torretavira.com|access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

====Admiral's House====
The ''Casa del Almirante'' is a palatial house, adjacent to the Plaza San Martín in the Barrio del Pópulo, which was constructed in 1690 with the proceeds of the lucrative trade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the admiral of the [[Spanish treasure fleet]], the so-called [[Fleet of the Indies]], Don [[Diego de Barrios]]. The exterior is sheathed in exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in the workshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master, [[García Narváez]]. The colonnaded portico, the grand staircase under the cupola, and the hall on the main floor are architectural features of great nobility and beauty. The shield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony.

====Old customs house====
Situated within the confines of the walls which protect the flank of the port of Cádiz are three identical adjacent buildings: the Customs House, the House of Hiring and the consulate. Of the three, the former had been erected first, built in a sober neo-classical style and of ample and balanced proportions. The works began in 1765 under the direction of Juan Caballero at a cost of 7,717,200 [[Spanish real|real]]es.

====Palacio de Congresos====
Cádiz's refurbished tobacco factory offers international conference and trade-show facilities.<ref name="palaciocongresos-cadiz">{{cite web|url=http://www.palaciocongresos-cadiz.com/en/the-palace/|title=The palace &#124; Cadiz's Conference Centre|publisher=palaciocongresos-Cádiz.com|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> Home to the third annual MAST Conference and trade-show (12 to 14 November 2008).

====Pylons of Cádiz====
The [[Pylons of Cádiz]] are [[electricity pylon]]s of unusual design, one on either side of the [[Bay of Cádiz]], used to support huge electric-power cables. The pylons are {{convert|158|m|sp=us}} high and designed for two [[electrical network|circuits]]. The very unconventional construction consists of a narrow [[frustum]] [[steel]] framework with one crossbar at the top of each one for the insulators.

====Roman theatre====
{{main|Roman Theatre (Cádiz)}}
The Roman theatre was discovered in 1980, in the El Pópulo district, after a fire had destroyed some old warehouses, revealing a layer of construction that was judged to be the foundations of some medieval buildings; the foundations of these buildings had been built, in turn, upon much more ancient stones, hand-hewn limestone of a Roman character. Systematic excavations have revealed a largely intact Roman theatre.

The theatre, constructed by order of [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)]] during the 1st century BC, is the second-largest Roman theatre in the world, surpassed only by the theatre of [[Pompeii]], south of [[Rome]]. [[Cicero]], in his ''Epistulae ad Familiares'' ('Letters to his friends'), wrote of its use by Balbus for personal propaganda.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Admiral's House 161.jpg|Admiral's House
File:Palacio de Congresos, Cadiz (Spain).jpg|Palacio de Congresos (Old tobacco factory)
File:Pilones de Cádiz, mayo de 2009.jpg|Pylons of Cádiz
File:Teatro Romano de Cádiz - Graderío.JPG|Roman theatre
</gallery>

==== Carranza Bridge ====
{{main|José León de Carranza Bridge}}

====La Pepa Bridge====
[[La Pepa Bridge]], officially "La Pepa" and also named the second bridge to Cádiz or new access to Cádiz. It opened 24 September 2015. It crosses the [[Bay of Cádiz]] linking Cádiz with [[Puerto Real]] in mainland Spain. It is the longest bridge in Spain and the longest span cable-stayed in the country.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pardillo |url=http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=2d850618192da270505d7b04e0afd32c |title=Puente de La Pepa, 3D View in Google Earth |date=6 June 2009 |access-date=27 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105092953/http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=2d850618192da270505d7b04e0afd32c |archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

The Constitution of 1812 Bridge, also known as La Pepa Bridge, is a new bridge across the Bay of Cádiz, linking Cádiz with the town of Puerto Real.

This is one of the highest bridges in Europe, with 5 kilometers in total length. It is the third access to the city, along with the San Fernando road and the Carranza bridge.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Puente de la Constitución de 1812, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 21-24 HDR (cropped).JPG|thumb|center |upright=3|La Pepa Bridge at night]]

===City walls and fortifications===
''Las Puertas de Tierra'' originated in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatcadiz.com/cadiz-center-tourism.html |website=www.whatcadiz.com |title=Cadiz Tourism in the City Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southern-spain-travel.com/cadiz-spain.html |website=www.southern-spain-travel.com |title=Cadiz Spain: A Great Beach Town on Spains Coast}}</ref> Once consisting of several layers of walls, only one of these remain today. By the 20th century it was necessary to remodel the entrance to the Old City to accommodate modern traffic. Today, the two side-by-side arches cut into the wall serve as one of the primary entrances to the city.

''El Arco de los Blancos'' is the gate to the Populo district, built around 1300. It was the principal gate to the medieval town. The gate is named after the family of Felipe Blanco who built a chapel (now disappeared) above the gate.

''El Arco de la Rosa'' ("Rose Arch") is a gate carved into the medieval walls next to the cathedral. It is named after captain Gaspar de la Rosa, who lived in the city during the 18th century. The gate was renovated in 1973.

The ''Baluarte de la Candelaria'' (fortress or stronghold of [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Candlemas]]) is a military fortification. Taking advantage of a natural elevation of land, it was constructed in 1672 at the initiative of the governor, [[Diego Caballero de Illescas]]. Protected by a seaward-facing wall that had previously served as a seawall, Candelaria's cannons were in a position to command the channels approaching the port of Cádiz. In more recent times, the edifice has served as a headquarters for the corps of [[military engineer]]s and as the home to the army's [[homing pigeons]], birds used to carry written messages over hostile terrain. Thoroughly renovated, it is now used as a cultural venue. There has been some discussion of using it to house a [[maritime museum]], {{citation needed|date=May 2013}} but, at present, it is designated for use as a permanent exposition space.

The ''[[Castle of San Sebastián (Cádiz)|Castle of San Sebastián]]'' is also a military fortification and is situated at the end of a road leading out from the Caleta beach. It was built in 1706. Today the castle remains unused, although its future uses remain much debated.

The ''[[Castle of Santa Catalina (Cádiz)|Castle of Santa Catalina]]'' is also a military fortification, and is situated at the end of the Caleta beach. It was built in 1598 following the English sacking of Cádiz two years earlier. Recently{{When |date=July 2023 |reason =Ambigous, specific period of time is needed.}} renovated, today it is used for exhibitions and concerts.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Puertas de Tierra, Cadiz (Spain).jpg|Las puertas de tierra
File:Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg|Arco de la Rosa
File:Castillo de Santa Catalina 5, Cádiz.jpg|Inside view of Castillo de Santa Catalina
File:17th century hand drawn map of Planta De Cadis. Cadiz, Spanien.jpg|alt=Hand-drawn plan with a special focus on the street-grid and fortifications. In the seas surrounding the city there are ships.|1699 plan of Cádiz.
</gallery>