Editing Brown v. Board of Education (section)

===Upper South===
In North Carolina, there was often a strategy of nominally accepting ''Brown'', but tacitly resisting it. On May 18, 1954, the [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] school board declared that it would abide by the ''Brown'' ruling. This was the result of the initiative of D. E. Hudgins Jr., a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney, who chaired the school board. This made Greensboro the first, and for years the only, city in the South, to announce its intent to comply. However, others in the city resisted integration, putting up legal obstacles{{how|date=March 2015}} to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward, and in 1969, the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971, after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations. Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro, which had heralded itself as such a progressive city, was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/schooldeseginteg.aspx|title=Civil Rights Greensboro|website=library.uncg.edu|access-date=December 4, 2014|archive-date=May 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515045050/http://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/schooldeseginteg.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/schrag/wiki/index.php?title=Civilities_and_Civil_Rights|title="Summary of 'Civilities and Civil Rights': by William H. Chafe" George Mason University website|access-date=December 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090033/https://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/schrag/wiki/index.php?title=Civilities_and_Civil_Rights|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Moberly, Missouri]], the schools were desegregated, as ordered. However, after 1955, the African-American teachers from the local "negro school" were not retained; this was ascribed to poor performance. They appealed their dismissal in ''Naomi Brooks et al., Appellants, v. School District of City of Moberly, Missouri, Etc., et al.''; but it was upheld, and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/267/733/393864/|title=Naomi Brooks et al., Appellants, v. School District of City of Moberly, Missouri, Etc., et al., Appellees, 267 F.2d 733 (8th Cir. 1959)|website=Justia Law|access-date=August 29, 2022|archive-date=August 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829000917/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/267/733/393864/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://revisionisthistory.com/episodes/13-miss-buchanans-period-of-adjustment|title=Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3|website=Revisionist History|date=August 26, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706184533/http://revisionisthistory.com/episodes/13-miss-buchanans-period-of-adjustment/?|url-status=live}}</ref>

Virginia had one of the companion cases in ''Brown'', involving the Prince Edward County schools. Significant opposition to the ''Brown'' verdict included U.S. Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]], who led the Byrd Organization and promised a strategy of [[Massive Resistance]]. Governor [[Thomas B. Stanley|Thomas Stanley]], a member of the Byrd Organization, appointed the [[Gray Commission]], 32 Democrats led by state senator [[Garland Gray]], to study the issue and make recommendations. The commission recommended giving localities "broad discretion" in meeting the new judicial requirements. However, in 1956, a special session of the Virginia legislature adopted a legislative package which allowed the governor to simply close all schools under desegregation orders from federal courts. In early 1958, newly elected Governor [[J. Lindsay Almond]] closed public schools in Charlottesville, Norfolk, and Warren County rather than comply with desegregation orders, leaving 10,000 children without schools despite efforts of various parent groups. However, he reconsidered when on the Lee-Jackson state holiday, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled the closures violated the state constitution, and a panel of federal judges ruled they violated the U.S. Constitution. In early February 1959, both the Arlington County (also subject to an NAACP lawsuit, and which had lost its elected school board pursuant to other parts of the Stanley Plan) and Norfolk schools desegregated peacefully. Soon, all counties reopened and integrated with the exception of Prince Edward County that took the extreme step of choosing not to appropriate any funding for its school system, thus forcing all its public schools to close, although Prince Edward County provided tuition grants for all students, regardless of their race, to use for private, nonsectarian education. Since no private schools existed for blacks within the county, black children in the county either had to leave the county to receive any education between 1959 and 1963, or received no education. All private schools in the region remained racially segregated. This lasted until 1964, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Prince Edward County's decision to provide tuition grants for private schools that only admitted whites violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, in the case of ''[[Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/xslt/servlet/XSLTServlet?xml=/xml_docs/solguide/Essays/essay13a.xml&xsl=/xml_docs/solguide/sol_new.xsl&section=essay|title=SOL Guide|website=www2.vcdh.virginia.edu|access-date=September 26, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030052819/http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/xslt/servlet/XSLTServlet?xml=/xml_docs/solguide/Essays/essay13a.xml&xsl=/xml_docs/solguide/sol_new.xsl&section=essay|url-status=live}}</ref>