Editing Brown (section)

=== Brown pigments, dyes and inks ===
* Raw [[umber]] and burnt umber are two of the oldest pigments used by humans. Umber is a brown clay, containing a large amount of [[iron oxide]] and between five and twenty percent [[manganese oxide]], which give the color. Its shade varies from a greenish brown to a dark brown. It takes its name from the Italian region of [[Umbria]], where it was formerly mined. The principal source today is the island of [[Cyprus]]. Burnt umber is the same pigment which has been roasted (calcined), which turns the pigment darker and more reddish.<ref name="Fabien Petillion p. 30">Isabellle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, ''La Couleur explquée aux artistes'', p. 30.</ref>
* Raw [[sienna]] and burnt sienna are also clay pigments rich in iron oxide, which were mined during the [[Renaissance]] around the city of Siena in Tuscany. Sienna contains less than five percent manganese. The natural sienna earth is a dark yellow [[ochre]] color; when roasted it becomes a rich reddish brown called burnt sienna.<ref name="Fabien Petillion p. 30" />
* '''[[Mummy brown]]''' was a pigment used in oil paints made from ground Egyptian mummies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eveleth |first1=Rose |author-link=Rose Eveleth |title=Ground Up Mummies Were Once an Ingredient in Paint |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ground-mummies-were-once-ingredient-paint-180950350/?no-ist |website=Smithsonian |access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
* '''[[Caput mortuum (pigment)|Caput mortuum]]''' is a haematite iron oxide pigment, used in painting. The name is also used in reference to mummy brown.
* '''Van Dyck brown''', known in Europe as Cologne earth or Cassel earth, is another natural earth pigment, that was made up largely of decayed vegetal matter. It made a rich dark brown, and was widely used during the Renaissance to the 19th century It takes its name from the painter [[Anthony van Dyck]], but it was used by many other artists before him. It was highly unstable and unreliable, so its use was abandoned by the 20th century, though the name continues to be used for modern synthetic pigments. The color of Van Dyck brown can be recreated by mixing ivory black with mauve or with Venetian red, or mixing cadmium red with cobalt blue.<ref>Isabellle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, ''La Couleur explquée aux artistes'', p. 148.</ref>
* '''Mars brown'''. The names of the earth colors are still used, but very few modern pigments with these names actually contain natural earths; most of their ingredients today are synthetic.<ref name="Fabien Petillion p. 30" /> Mars brown is typical of these new colors, made with synthetic iron oxide pigments. The new colors have a superior coloring power and opacity, but not the delicate hue as their namesakes.<ref name="Fabien Petillion p. 30" />
* [[Walnuts]] have been used to make a brown dye since antiquity. The Roman writer [[Ovid]], in the first century BC described how the [[Gauls]] used the juice of the hull or husk inside the shell of the walnut to make a brown dye for wool, or a reddish dye for their hair.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 264–265</ref>
* The [[chestnut]] tree has also been used since ancient times as a source brown dye. The bark of the tree, the leaves and the husk of the nuts have all been used to make dye. The leaves were used to make a beige or yellowish-brown dye, and in the Ottoman Empire the yellow-brown from chestnut leaves was combined with indigo blue to make shades of green.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 262–263</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg|[[Iron oxide]] is the most common ingredient in brown pigments
LimoniteUSGOV.jpg|[[Limonite]] is a form of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna.
File:Terra ombra naturale umber.jpg|Natural or raw [[umber]] pigment is clay rich in [[iron oxide]] and [[manganese]]
File:Pigment sienna burnt iconofile.jpg|Burnt [[sienna]] pigment, from the region around [[Siena]] in [[Tuscany]]
</gallery>