Editing Brazil (section)

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Brazil}}
[[File:Köppen climate types of Brazil.svg|thumb|Brazil map of [[Köppen climate classification]] zones]]

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: [[Desert climate|desert]], [[Tropical rainforest climate|equatorial]], [[tropical climate|tropical]], [[Semi-arid climate|semiarid]], [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]]. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|equatorial rainforests]] in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to [[temperate coniferous forest]]s in the south and [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savannas]] in central Brazil.<ref name="BBC Weather">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208034235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=11 June 2008 |website=Country Guide |publisher=BBC Weather}}</ref>

In Brazil, [[forest cover]] is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56.% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]] and 44% [[Private property|private ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Brazil |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BRA/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>

Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate]]s.<ref name="Encarta 9">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<!-- tertiary source --></ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Brazil |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612200827/http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=11 June 2008 |publisher=Brazil Travel}}</ref> An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real [[dry season]], but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> Temperatures average {{convert|25|°C}},<ref name="BT" /> with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.<ref name="Rain" /> South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.<ref name="BBC Weather" /> The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding {{convert|18|°C|1}};<ref name="BT" /> winter frosts and [[Snow in Brazil|snowfall]] are not rare in the highest areas.<ref name="BBC Weather" /><ref name="Encarta 9" />

The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than {{convert|800|mm|1|sp=us}} of rain,<ref name="Rain">{{Cite web |last=Embrapa |author-link=Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária |title=Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station |url=http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820215606/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-date=20 August 2007 |access-date=21 October 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil |url=http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606055642/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |publisher=Botany.si.edu}}</ref> and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.<ref name="Encarta 9" /> Brazil's 1877–78 ''[[Grande Seca]]'' (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,<ref>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144751/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm |date=29 November 2013 }}. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</ref> caused approximately half a million deaths.<ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html |date=12 January 2016 }}. Princeton University Press.</ref> A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm "Inland fishery enhancements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225557/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm |date=6 March 2014 }}. FAO.</ref> In 2024, for the first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country’s Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maisonnave |first1=Fabiano |title=Brazil faces its worst drought as wildfires rage and Amazon River falls to record low |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/brazil-faces-its-worst-drought-as-wildfires-rage-and-amazon-river-falls-to-record-low |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=PBS News |publisher=Associated Press |date=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terrence |title=More than half of Brazil is racked by drought. Blame deforestation. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/12/brazil-drought/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil Endures Worst Drought on Record, Affecting 58% of the Country |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/scienceandhealth/2024/09/brazil-endures-worst-drought-on-record-affecting-58-of-the-country.shtml |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Folha de S.Paulo |date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

[[File:20211026 Cumulative carbon dioxide CO2 emissions by country - bar chart.svg |thumb|Since 1850, the Brazil has cumulatively contributed an amount of {{CO2}} placing it among the top emitters in the world, mainly due to its land use and forestry practices.<ref name=CarbonBrief_20211005>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |title=Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice. |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |website=CarbonBrief.org |publisher=Carbon Brief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094104/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |archive-date=26 October 2021 |date=5 October 2021 |quote=Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015). |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Climate change in Brazil]] is causing higher temperatures and longer-lasting heatwaves, changing precipitation patterns, more intense wildfires and heightened fire risk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.g20climaterisks.org/brazil/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=G20 Climate Risk Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Brazil's hydropower, agriculture and urban water supplies will be affected.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lac-green-growth-leading-the-change-we-need/brazil |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Brazil's [[rainforest]]s, and the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]], are particularly at risk to climate change. At worst, large areas of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon River basin]] could turn into savannah, with severe consequences for global climate and local livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |date=2012-08-13 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Extreme weather]] events like droughts and flash floods are causing annual losses of around R$13 billion (US$2.6 billion), equivalent to 0.1% of the country's 2022 GDP. Climate impacts could exacerbate poverty.<ref name=":13"/>

Brazil's [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita|greenhouse gas emissions per person are higher than the global average]], and Brazil is among the top 10 [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|highest emitting countries]]. [[Greenhouse gas emissions]] by Brazil are over 4% of the annual world total.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=2024-11-13 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=2025-02-26 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia}}</ref> In 2024 Brazil revised its [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contribution]] (NDC), setting a goal to cut [[Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse emissions]] by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels by 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brazilian Government |date=2024 |title=Brazil's NDC National determination to contribute and transform |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/Brazil_Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20(NDC)_November2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211211914/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/Brazil_Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20%28NDC%29_November2024.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=unfccc.int |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Brazil |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/BRA?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> It has an indicative target of reaching [[carbon neutrality]] by 2060 if the country receives 10 billion dollars per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Felin |first=Bruno |date=10 December 2020 |title=STATEMENT: Brazil Sets Weak 2030 Emission Reduction Target |url=https://www.wri.org/news/2020/12/statement-brazil-sets-weak-2030-emission-reduction-target |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193227/https://www.wri.org/news/2020/12/statement-brazil-sets-weak-2030-emission-reduction-target |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=World Resources Institute}}</ref>