Editing Borneo (section)

===British and Dutch control===
{{main|British Borneo|Dutch East Indies}}
[[File:Ceremony of Hoisting the British Flag on the island of Labuan, N. W. Coast of Borneo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Union Jack|British flag]] hoisted for the first time on the island of [[Labuan]], on 24 December 1846.]]

After the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|fall of Malacca]] in 1511, Portuguese merchants traded regularly with Borneo, and especially with Brunei from 1530.<ref name="Lach1994">{{cite book|author=Donald F. Lach|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x1Io6VOuAIC&pg=PA580|date=16 April 1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46732-0|pages=580–}}</ref> Having visited Brunei's capital, the Portuguese described the place as surrounded by a [[stone wall]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Peter Malcolm Holt|author3=Ann K. S. Lambton|author4=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA129|date=21 April 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8|pages=129–}}</ref> While Borneo was seen as rich, the Portuguese did not make any attempts to conquer it.<ref name="Lach1994"/> The Spanish had sailed from Spanish America and conquered the Brunei's provinces in the Philippines and incorporated it into the Mexico-Centered [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The Spanish visit to Brunei led to the [[Castilian War]] in 1578. The British began to trade with [[Sultanate of Sambas|Sambas]] of southern Borneo in 1609, while the Dutch only began their trade in 1644: to Banjar and Martapura, also in the southern Borneo.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala30unkngoog|year=1816|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala30unkngoog/page/n568 561]–}}</ref> The Dutch tried to settle the island of [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]], north of Borneo, in the second half of the 18th century, but withdrew by 1797.<ref name="Dutch Borneo">{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/20-11-Indonesia1800-1950.html|title=Indonesia and the Dutch 1800–1950|author=Sanderson Beck|publisher=San.Beck|year=2007|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524100635/http://www.san.beck.org/20-11-Indonesia1800-1950.html|archive-date=24 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1812, the sultan in southern Borneo ceded his forts to the [[British East India Company]]. The British, led by [[Stamford Raffles]], then tried to establish an intervention in Sambas but failed. Although they managed to defeat the sultanate the next year and declared a blockade on all ports in Borneo except Brunei, [[Banjarmasin]] and [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]], the project was cancelled by the British governor-general [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] in India as it was too expensive.<ref name="Dutch Borneo"/> At the beginning of British and Dutch exploration on the island, they described the island of Borneo as full of [[headhunting|head hunters]], with the indigenous in the interior practising [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]],<ref name="Dutch and British explorations">{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=forum|title=British and Dutch Perceptions of Cannibalism in Borneo, 1882–1964|author=Adrienne Smith|publisher=[[California Polytechnic State University]]|year=2012|access-date=24 May 2017|page=5|format=PDF}}</ref> and the waters around the island infested with [[piracy|pirates]], especially between the north eastern Borneo and the southern Philippines.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain the Hon. Henry Keppel, R.N.|title=The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy|url=https://archive.org/details/expeditiontobor04broogoog|year=1846|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expeditiontobor04broogoog/page/n238 214]–|publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=P. Boomgaard|title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEgIi8Mf-YC&pg=PA141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610173855/https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEgIi8Mf-YC&pg=PA141|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2020|date=January 2007|publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=978-90-6718-294-2|pages=141–}}</ref> The [[Malay race|Malay]] and [[Iban people|Sea Dayak]] pirates preyed on maritime shipping in the waters between Singapore and Hong Kong from their haven in Borneo,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html|title=Wanderings Among South Sea Savages And in Borneo and the Philippines|author=H. Wilfrid Walker|publisher=Full Books|access-date=23 May 2017|pages=3/3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213932/http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html|archive-date=9 June 2008|url-status=live}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2564/2564-h/2564-h.htm Alt URL]</ref> along with the attacks by [[Illanun]]s of the [[Moro pirates]] from the southern Philippines, such as in the [[Battle off Mukah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html|title=Sketches of Our Life at Sarawak (Chapter XVI. Illanun Pirates)|author=Harriette McDougall|work=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; E. & J. B. Young|location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Project Canterbury]], Anglican History|year=1882|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

[[File:British and Dutch Borneo, 1898.png|thumb|right|Map of the island, divided between the British and the Dutch, 1898. The present boundaries of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei are largely inherited from British and Dutch colonial rules.]]

The Dutch began to intervene in the southern part of the island upon resuming contact in 1815, posting ''[[resident (title)|resident]]s'' to Banjarmasin, Pontianak and Sambas and ''assistant-residents'' to Landak and Mampawa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Cribb|title=Historical Atlas of Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA129|date=1 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78057-8|pages=129–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. R. V. Prescott|title=Political Frontiers and Boundaries (Routledge Library Editions: Political Geography)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA288|date=3 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-60199-9|pages=288–}}</ref> The Sultanate of Brunei in 1842 granted large parts of land in Sarawak to the British adventurer [[James Brooke]], as a reward for his help in quelling a local rebellion. Brooke established the [[Raj of Sarawak]] and was recognised as its rajah after paying a fee to the sultanate. He established a monarchy, and the Brooke dynasty (through his nephew and great-nephew) ruled Sarawak for 100 years; the leaders were known as the [[White Rajahs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://borneo.live.radicaldesigns.org/article.php?id=63 |title=Part 2 – The Brooke Era |work=The Borneo Project |publisher=Earth Island Institute |access-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524171139/https://borneo.live.radicaldesigns.org/article.php?id=63 |archive-date=24 May 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/flyingcarpet00hall |url-access=registration |last=Halliburton |first=Richard |date=1932 |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |title=The Flying Carpet |pages=297–312}}</ref> Brooke also acquired the island of [[Labuan]] for [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] in 1846 through the [[Treaty of Labuan]] with the sultan of Brunei, [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]] on 18 December 1846.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/07/loss_of_labuan_a_former_brunei_island|title=Loss of Labuan, a former Brunei island|author=Rozan Yunos|newspaper=The Brunei Times|date=7 September 2008|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428182303/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/07/loss_of_labuan_a_former_brunei_island|archive-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The region of northern Borneo came under the administration of [[North Borneo Chartered Company]] following the acquisition of territory from the Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu by a German businessman and adventurer named [[Gustav Overbeck|Baron von Overbeck]], before it was passed to the British Dent brothers (comprising [[Alfred Dent]] and Edward Dent).<ref name="Hussainmiya2006"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb102-ms283792|title=British North Borneo Papers|work=School of Oriental and African Studies|publisher=Archives hub|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Further expansion by the British continued into the Borneo interior.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jatswan S. Sidhu|title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msOhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=20 December 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6459-5|pages=51–}}</ref> This led the 26th sultan of Brunei, [[Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin]] to appeal the British to halt such efforts, and as a result a Treaty of Protection was signed in 1888, rendering Brunei a British protectorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslimmuseum.org.uk/treaty-of-protection-1888-brunei/|title=Treaty of Protection 1888 – Brunei|publisher=Muslim Museum Initiative|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dayak tijdens het erau feest (een cultureel festival) in Tenggarong TMnr 10005749.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Dayak people]] during an [[Erau]] ceremony in [[Tenggarong]]]]

Before the acquisition by the British, the Americans also managed to establish their temporary presence in northwestern Borneo after acquiring a parcel of land from the Sultanate of Brunei. A company known as [[American Trading Company of Borneo]] was formed by [[Joseph William Torrey]], [[Thomas Bradley Harris]] and several Chinese investors, establishing a colony named "Ellena" in the [[Kimanis]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northborneohistory.com/ellena-americas-lost-colony-in-kimanis-of-north-borneo/|title=Ellena – America's Lost Colony in Kimanis of North Borneo|author=Richard Ker|publisher=North Borneo Historical Society|date=26 August 2012|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521072223/https://www.northborneohistory.com/ellena-americas-lost-colony-in-kimanis-of-north-borneo/|archive-date=21 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The colony failed and was abandoned, due to denials of financial backing, especially by the US government, and to diseases and riots among the workers.<ref>{{cite book|author=James W. Gould|title=The United States and Malaysia|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmala0000goul|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-92615-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmala0000goul/page/63 63]–}}</ref> Before Torrey left, he managed to sell the land to the German businessman, Overbeck.<ref>{{cite journal|title=American Activity in North Borneo, 1865–1881|journal=Pacific Historical Review|author=K. G. Tregonning|volume=23|issue=4|date=November 1954|pages=357–372|doi=10.2307/3634654|jstor=3634654}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Germans under William Frederick Schuck were awarded a parcel of land in northeastern Borneo of the Sandakan Bay from the Sultanate of Sulu where he conducted business and exported large quantities of arms, [[opium]], textiles and tobacco to Sulu before the land was also passed to Overbeck by the sultanate.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Francis Warren|title=The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UyVI5IxcjIC&pg=PA114|year=1981|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-004-5|pages=114–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Emrys Chew|title=Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean During the Age of Global Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnSVPcnreBsC&pg=PA205|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219163513/https://books.google.com/books?id=rnSVPcnreBsC&pg=PA205|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2021|date=12 June 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-35485-2|pages=205–}}</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Ontvangst bij de sultan van Pontianak West-Borneo TMnr 10001596.jpg|thumb|Arab-Malay [[Pontianak Sultanate|Sultan of Pontianak]] in 1930]]

Prior to the recognition of Spanish presence in the Philippine archipelago, a protocol known as the [[Madrid Protocol of 1885]] was signed between the governments of the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain in [[Madrid]] to cement Spanish influence and recognise their sovereignty over the Sultanate of Sulu—in return for Spain's relinquishing its claim to the former possessions of the sultanate in northern Borneo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf|title=British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1885)|author=British Government|publisher=Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers)|year=1885|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195606/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul J. Carnegie|author2=Victor T. King|author3=Zawawi Ibrahim|title=Human Insecurities in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ3vDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|date=21 September 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-2245-6|pages=74–}}</ref> The British administration then established the first railway network in northern Borneo, known as the [[North Borneo Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searail.malayanrailways.com/Borneo/NBR2013.htm|title=North Borneo Chartered Company: North Borneo Railway; The first train in North Borneo|author=Dr. Johnstone; A. J. West (Officers of the Company)|work=British North Borneo Chartered Company: Views of British North Borneo, Printed by W. Brown & co., limited, London, 1899|publisher=Malayan Railways|date=3 February 1898|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm|title=The North Borneo Railway Project|author=Rob Dickinson|publisher=The International Steam Pages|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328052920/http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm|archive-date=28 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this time, the British sponsored a large number of Chinese workers to migrate to northern Borneo to work in European plantation and mines,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chinese Migration to Sabah Before the Second World War|journal=Archipel|author=Danny Wong Tze Ken|year=1999|volume=58|issue=3|pages=131–158|doi=10.3406/arch.1999.3538}}</ref> and the Dutch followed suit to increase their economic production.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geert Oostindie|title=Dutch Colonialism, Migration and Cultural Heritage: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfFjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|date=1 January 2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25388-9|pages=292–}}</ref> By 1888, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei in northern Borneo had become British [[protectorate]].<ref name="PrescottTriggs2008">{{cite book|author1=Victor Prescott|author2=Gillian D. Triggs|title=International Frontiers and Boundaries: Law, Politics and Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HW-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA380|date=25 June 2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-3364-4|pages=380–}}</ref> The area in southern Borneo was made Dutch protectorate in 1891.<ref name="Dutch and British explorations"/> The Dutch who already claimed the whole Borneo were asked by Britain to delimit their boundaries between the two colonial territories to avoid further conflicts.<ref name="PrescottTriggs2008"/> The British and Dutch governments had signed the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] to exchange trading ports in [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Sumatra]] that were under their controls and assert spheres of influence. This resulted in indirectly establishing British- and Dutch-controlled areas in the north (Malay Peninsula) and south (Sumatra and Riau Islands) respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslimmuseum.org.uk/anglo-dutch-treaty-of-1824-malaysia-and-indonesia/|title=Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 – Malaysia and Indonesia|publisher=Muslim Museum Initiative|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

In 1895, [[Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted|Marcus Samuel]] received a concession in the Kutei area of east Borneo, and based on [[oil seep]]ages in the [[Mahakam River]] [[river delta|delta]], Mark Abrahams struck oil in February 1897. This was the discovery of the [[Sanga-Sanga, Kutai Kartanegara|Sanga Sanga]] Oil Field, a refinery was built in [[Balikpapan]], and discovery of the [[Samboja]] Oil Field followed in 1909. In 1901, the Pamusian Oil Field was discovered on [[Tarakan]], and the [[Bunyu]] Oil Field in 1929. [[Royal Dutch Shell]] discovered the [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]] Oil Field in 1910, and the [[Seria oil field]] in 1929.<ref name=dy>{{cite book |last1=Yergin |first1=Daniel |title=The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power |date=1991 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-79932-8 |pages=114–116}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sorkhabi |first1=Rasoul |title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays |url=https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |website=Exploration Asia |publisher=GEO ExPro |access-date=23 July 2020 |date=2012 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830054141/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Shell in Indonesia |url=https://www.shell.co.id/en_id/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-shell-in-indonesia.html#vanity-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2hlbGwuY28uaWQvZW4vYWJvdXRzaGVsbC93aG8td2UtYXJlL2hpc3RvcnkvY291bnRyeS5odG1s |publisher=Shell |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>