Editing Borderline personality disorder (section)

===Genetics and heritability===
Compared to other major psychiatric conditions, the exploration of genetic underpinnings in BPD remains novel.<ref name="pmid29032046">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bassir Nia A, Eveleth MC, Gabbay JM, Hassan YJ, Zhang B, Perez-Rodriguez MM|title=Past, present, and future of genetic research in borderline personality disorder|journal=Current Opinion in Psychology|volume=21|pages=60–68|date=June 2018|pmid=29032046|pmc=5847441|doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.002}}</ref> Estimates suggest the [[heritability]] of BPD ranges from 37% to 69%,<ref name="Her2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gunderson JG, Zanarini MC, Choi-Kain LW, Mitchell KS, Jang KL, Hudson JI|date=August 2011|title=Family Study of Borderline Personality Disorder and Its Sectors of Psychopathology|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=68|issue=7|pages=753–762|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.65|pmid=3150490|pmc=3150490}}</ref> indicating that [[human genetic variation]]s account for a substantial portion of the risk for BPD within the population. [[Twin study|Twin studies]], which often form the basis of these estimates, may overestimate the perceived influence of genetics due to the shared environment of twins, potentially skewing results.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Torgersen S|title=Genetics of patients with borderline personality disorder|journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–9|date=March 2000|pmid=10729927|doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70139-8}}</ref>

Certain studies propose that personality disorders are significantly shaped by genetics, more so than many [[Axis I disorders]], such as depression and eating disorders, and even surpassing the genetic impact on broad [[personality traits]].<ref name="TS" >{{cite journal|vauthors=Torgersen S, Lygren S, Oien PA, Skre I, Onstad S, Edvardsen J, Tambs K, Kringlen E|title=A twin study of personality disorders|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=41|issue=6|pages=416–425|year=2000|pmid=11086146|doi=10.1053/comp.2000.16560}}</ref> A twin study found that BPD ranks as the third most heritable among ten surveyed personality disorders.<ref name="TS"  />

Research involving twin and sibling studies has shown a genetic component to traits associated with BPD, such as impulsive aggression; with the genetic contribution to behavior from [[serotonin]]-related genes appearing to be modest.<ref name="neurotrauma">{{cite journal|vauthors=Goodman M, New A, Siever L|title=Trauma, genes, and the neurobiology of personality disorders|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1032|issue=1|pages=104–116|date=December 2004|pmid=15677398|doi=10.1196/annals.1314.008|bibcode=2004NYASA1032..104G|s2cid=26270818}}</ref>

A study conducted by Trull et al. in the Netherlands, which included 711 sibling pairs and 561 parents, aimed to identify [[genetic marker]]s associated with BPD.<ref name="Possible Genetic Causes">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081216114100.htm|title=Possible Genetic Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder Identified|publisher=sciencedaily.com|date=20 December 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501161311/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081216114100.htm|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> This research identified a linkage to genetic markers on [[chromosome 9]] as relevant to BPD characteristics,<ref name="Possible Genetic Causes" /> underscoring a significant genetic contribution to the [[Variability (statistics)|variability]] observed in BPD features.<ref name="Possible Genetic Causes" /> Prior findings from this group indicated that 42% of BPD feature variability could be attributed to genetics, with the remaining 58% owing to environmental factors.<ref name="Possible Genetic Causes" />

Among specific genetic variants under scrutiny {{as of|2012|lc=y}}, the [[DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism]] (of the [[Dopamine receptor D4|dopamine receptor D<sub>4</sub>]]) located on [[chromosome 11]] has been linked to disorganized attachment, and in conjunction with the 10/10-repeat genotype of the [[dopamine transporter]] (DAT), it has been associated with issues with [[inhibitory control]], both of which are characteristic of BPD.<ref name="Brain Structure and Function">{{cite journal|vauthors=O'Neill A, Frodl T|title=Brain structure and function in borderline personality disorder|journal=Brain Structure & Function|volume=217|issue=4|pages=767–782|date=October 2012|pmid=22252376|doi=10.1007/s00429-012-0379-4|s2cid=17970001}}</ref> Additionally, potential links to [[chromosome 5]] are being explored, further emphasizing the complex genetic landscape influencing BPD development and manifestation.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lubke GH, Laurin C, Amin N, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, van Grootheest G, Abdellaoui A, Karssen LC, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI|title=Genome-wide analyses of borderline personality features|journal=Molecular Psychiatry|volume=19|issue=8|pages=923–929|date=August 2014|pmid=23979607|pmc=3872258|doi=10.1038/mp.2013.109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bassir Nia|first1=Anahita|last2=Eveleth|first2=Matthew C.|last3=Gabbay|first3=Jonathan M.|last4=Hassan|first4=Yonis J.|last5=Zhang|first5=Bosi|last6=Perez-Rodriguez|first6=M. Mercedes|year=2018|title=Past, present, and future of genetic research in borderline personality disorder|journal=Current Opinion in Psychology|volume=21|pages=60–68|doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.002|issn=2352-2518|pmc=5847441|pmid=29032046}}</ref>