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Bluetongue disease
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==History== In the early stages of its identification, BT was referred to by a number of different names, including "epizootic catarrh," "fever," "malarial catarrhal fever of sheep," and "epizootic malignant catarrhal fever of sheep."<ref name="Saminathan_2020" /> This was due to the prevailing belief at the time that BT was caused by an intraerythrocytic parasite. The English translation "Bluetongue" was initially proposed by Spreull<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spreull |first=James |date=1905-01-01 |title=Malarial Catarrhal Fever (Bluetongue) of Sheep in South Africa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0368174205800736 |journal=Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics |volume=18 |pages=321β337 |doi=10.1016/S0368-1742(05)80073-6 |issn=0368-1742}}</ref> and derived from the Afrikaans term "bloutong," which refers to the condition of cyanosis of the tongue in clinically affected sheep.<ref name="Saminathan_2020" /> Although bluetongue disease was already recognized in [[South Africa]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henning |first=M. W. |date=1933-09-16 |title=Animal Diseases in South Africa |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/132424a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=132 |issue= 3333|pages=424β425 |doi=10.1038/132424a0 |bibcode=1933Natur.132..424W |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> in the early 19th century, a comprehensive description of the disease was not published until the first decade of the 20th century.<ref name=Mertens2009history>{{cite book| vauthors = Mertens P |title=Bluetongue (Biology of Animal Infections)|year=2009|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123693686|pages=7β21|edition=1}}</ref> In 1906, [[Arnold Theiler]] showed that bluetongue was caused by a filterable agent. He also created the first bluetongue vaccine, which was developed from an attenuated BT<ref name="Kevany">{{Cite news| vauthors = Kevany SM |date=2021-02-25|title=Cattle stranded at sea 'face immediate slaughter' if ship docks in Spain, says manager|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/25/cattle-stranded-at-sea-face-slaughter-if-ship-docks-in-spain-says-manager|access-date=2021-02-28|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> V strain.<ref name=Maclachlan2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maclachlan NJ | title = Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis | journal = Preventive Veterinary Medicine | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 107β111 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21570141 | doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.005 }}</ref> For many decades, bluetongue was thought to be confined to Africa. The first confirmed outbreak outside of Africa occurred in [[Cyprus]] in 1943.<ref name=Mertens2009history/> In 2021, a vessel owned by Khalifeh Livestock Trading and managed by Talia Shipping Line, both based in Lebanon, has been denied right to dock in Spain, as it has about 895 male calves suspected to be infected by bluetongue disease.<ref name="Kevany"/><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kevany S, Kassam A | date = 27 February 2021 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/27/cattle-stranded-on-ship-in-mediterranean-must-be-destroyed-say-vets | title = Cattle stranded on ship in Spain must be destroyed, say vets | work = The Guardian | access-date = 26 July 2022 }}</ref>
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