Editing Bladder (section)

===Incontinence and retention===
[[File:UltrasoundBPH.jpg|thumb|Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic [[prostate]] (BPH) visualized by [[medical ultrasound]]]]Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production, small bladder capacity, irritability or incomplete emptying. Males with an [[enlarged prostate]] urinate more frequently. One definition of an [[overactive bladder]] is when a person urinates more than eight times per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cornellurology.com/clinical-conditions/female-urology-urogynecology/overactive-bladder|title=Overactive Bladder|publisher=Cornell Medical College|access-date=2013-08-21|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602223527/https://www.cornellurology.com/clinical-conditions/female-urology-urogynecology/overactive-bladder/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An overactive bladder can often cause [[urinary incontinence]]. Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm, meaning day and night cycles,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Negoro|first=Hiromitsu|title=Involvement of urinary bladder Connexin43 and the circadian clock in coordination of diurnal micturition rhythm|year=2012|doi=10.1038/ncomms1812|pmid=22549838|pmc=3541943|volume=3|journal=Nature Communications|page=809|bibcode=2012NatCo...3..809N}}</ref> it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder. [[Urodynamic testing]] can help to explain the symptoms. An [[underactive bladder]] is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a [[neurogenic bladder]]. Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of [[bladder stone]]s.

Disorders of or related to the bladder include:
* [[bladder exstrophy]]
* [[bladder sphincter dyssynergia]], a condition in which the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
* [[paruresis]]
* [[trigonitis]]
* [[underactive bladder]], a condition with its main symptom being [[urinary retention]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=C|first1=Moro|last2=C|first2=Phelps|last3=V|first3=Veer|last4=J|first4=Clark|last5=P|first5=Glasziou|last6=Kao|first6=Tikkinen|last7=Am|first7=Scott|date=2021-11-24|title=The effectiveness of parasympathomimetics for treating underactive bladder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816481/|journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics|volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=127–139 |language=en|doi=10.1002/nau.24839|issn=1520-6777|pmid=34816481|s2cid=244530010 }}</ref>

Disorders of bladder function may be dealt with surgically, by redirecting the flow of urine or by replacement with an [[artificial urinary bladder]]. The volume of the bladder may be increased by [[bladder augmentation]]. [[Urinary bladder neck obstruction|An obstruction of the bladder neck]] may be severe enough to warrant surgery. [[Ultrasound]] can be used to estimate bladder volumes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bih |first1=L. I. |last2=Ho |first2=C. C. |last3=Tsai |first3=S. J. |last4=Lai |first4=Y. C. |last5=Chow |first5=W. |date=December 1998 |title=Bladder shape impact on the accuracy of ultrasonic estimation of bladder volume |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9862299/ |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1553–1556 |doi=10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90419-1 |issn=0003-9993 |pmid=9862299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bladder Volume Calculator |url=https://radathand.com/radiology-calculators/body-imaging/bladder-volume-calculator/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Rad At Hand |date=10 July 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>