Editing Bedouin (section)

==In different countries==
===Saudi Arabia===
[[File:Bedouin Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1964.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Bedouin man in [[Riyadh]], 1964.]]

The [[Arabian Peninsula]] was one of the original homes of the Bedouin. From there, they started to spread out to surrounding deserts, forced out by the lack of water and food. According to tradition, Arabian Bedouin tribes are descendants of two groups: [[Qahtanites|Qahtanis]], also known as [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yaman]], who originate from the mountains of Southwestern Arabia, and claim descent from a semi-legendary ancestral figure, Qahtan (often linked to the biblical [[Joktan]]), and [[Adnani Arabs|Adnanis]], also known as [[Qays]], who originate in North-Central Arabia and claimed descent from [[Adnan]], a descendant of the Biblical [[Ishmael]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/mgcbedu.html |title=Bedouins. Origins and history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223105052/http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/mgcbedu.html |archive-date=23 December 2004}}</ref>[[File:Bedouin family-Wahiba Sands.jpg|thumb|A Bedouin family in [[Wahiba Sands]], [[Oman]].]]

A number of Bedouin tribes reside in Saudi Arabia. Among them are [[Anazzah]], [[Juhaynah]], [[Shammar]], [[Al Murrah|al-Murrah]], [[Mehri people|Mahra]], [[Dawasir]], [[Harb tribe|Harb]], [[Ghamid]], [[Mutayr]], [[Subay']], [['Utayba]], [[Bani khalid]], [[Qahtan (tribe)|Qahtan]], [[Rashaida]], and [[Banu Yam]]. Saudi Arabia pursued a policy of sedentarization in the early 20th century, which was initially linked with the establishment of the [[Ikhwan]]. As a result of this policy and subsequent modernization, the number of bedouin that retain their nomadic lifestyle has decreased rapidly.

According to [[Ali Al-Naimi]], the Bedouin, or Bedu, would travel in family and tribal groups, across the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in groups of fifty to a hundred. A clan was composed of a number of families, while a number of clans formed a tribe. Tribes would have areas reserved for their livestock called {{Not a typo|dirahs}}, which included wells for their exclusive use. They lived in black goat-hair tents called bayt al-shar, divided by cloth curtains into rug-floor areas for males, family and cooking. In [[Hofuf]], they bartered their sheep, goats and camels, including milk and wool, for grain and other staples. Al-Naimi also quotes Paul Harrison's observation of the Bedouin, "There seems to be no limit at all to their endurance."<ref name="Ali">{{cite book |last1=Al-Naimi |first1=Ali |title=Out of the Desert |date=2016 |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |location=Great Britain |isbn=9780241279250 |pages=5–7}}</ref>

===Syria===
[[File:Syrian Bedouin Kahlil Sarkees with family,1893 World's Columbian Exposition.jpg|thumb|Syrian bedouin, 1893]]
The Syrian Desert was the original homeland of the Arab Bedouin tribes<ref name="academia.edu"/> which have been mentioned as far back as the [[Neo-Assyrian]] era where they're referred to by [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] as being among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graf|first=David |title=ARABS IN SYRIA: DEMOGRAPHY AND EPIGRAPHY |journal=Topoi. Orient-Occident |date=2003|volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=319–340 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1764-0733_2003_act_4_1_2871|quote=In the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III, the Arbay are included among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system, and are located in the region between Homs, Damascus and Palmyra.}}</ref> Today there are over a million Bedouin living in Syria, making a living herding sheep and goats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code/1835.html |title=The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles |website=kcm.co.kr |access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> The largest Bedouin clan in Syria is called [[Ruwallah]] who are part of the [[Anazzah|'Anizzah']] tribe. Another famous branch of the Anizzah tribe is the two distinct groups of [[Hasana]] and S'baa who largely arrived from the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |first=Johann |last=Buessow |url=http://www.orient-institut.org/English/researchProject.aspx?pageid=1923 |title=Bedouin Syria: 'Anaza groups between empire and nation state, 1800–1960' |work=Orient Institut Beirut |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132006/http://www.orient-institut.org/English/researchProject.aspx?pageid=1923 |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}</ref>

Herding among the Bedouin was common until the late 1950s, when it effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961. Due to the drought, many Bedouin were forced to give up herding for standard jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intercontinentalcry.org/peoples/bedouin |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415060155/http://intercontinentalcry.org/peoples/bedouin |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Indigenous Peoples of the World: The Bedouin |work=Intercontinental Cry |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> {{better source needed|date=January 2018}} Another factor was the formal annulling of the Bedouin tribes' legal status in Syrian law in 1958, along with attempts of the ruling [[Ba'ath Party]] regime to wipe out tribalism. Preferences for customary law ('urf) in contrast to state law (qanun) have been informally acknowledged and tolerated by the state in order to avoid having its authority tested in the tribal territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ou.edu/mideast/Additional%20pages%20-%20non-catagory/Chatty_Tribes_of_Syria_2010_MEJpdf.pdf |first=Dawn |last=Chatty |s2cid=143487962 |author-link=Dawn Chatty |title=The Bedouin in Contemporary Syria: The Persistence of Tribal Authority and Control |journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|publisher=[[Middle East Institute]] |volume=64 |number=1 |year=2010 |pages=29–49 |doi=10.3751/64.1.12}}</ref> In 1982 the [[al-Assad]] family turned to the Bedouin tribe leaders for assistance during the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] uprising against al-Assad government (see [[1982 Hama massacre]]). The Bedouin sheikhs' decision to support [[Hafez al-Assad]] led to a change in attitude on the part of the government that permitted the Bedouin leadership to manage and transform critical state development efforts supporting their own status, customs and leadership.

There are numerous types of Bedouins in Syria:

Hourani Bedouins, which are from the [[Daraa Governorate]] & [[Quneitra Governorate]], these Bedouins are closely related to Jordanians. 

Mesopotamian Bedouins, which are from East and South of the [[Aleppo Governorate]], [[Raqqa Governorate]], [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]] & [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate]], these Bedouins are closely related to Iraqis. 

There are also a few Bedouin tribes in the [[Rif Dimashq Governorate]], [[Homs Governorate]], and [[Hama Governorate]]. 

Many [[Syrians]] have some [[Arab]] origin if not predominantly Arab. Religion does not play a role in the genetic makeup of a Syrian. There are Christian Syrians who have a more predominant Arab origin than Muslim Syrians. Therefore many Syrians have some sort of Bedouin Arab origin, since Arabs migrated from [[Yemen]] & [[Saudi Arabia]] into [[Syria]]. 

As a result of the [[Syrian Civil War]], some Bedouins became [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war|refugees]] and found shelter in Jordan,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2012/03/20123103261649274.html |first=Nisreen |last=El Shamayleh |title=Syrian Bedouin find shelter in Jordan |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=10 March 2012}}</ref> Turkey, Lebanon, and other states.

===Lebanon===

Bedouins are concentrated in the [[Beqaa Governorate]], although they form a minority there. Many [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] people from all over Lebanon have some [[Arab]] [[Bedouin]] origins, since [[Arabs]] migrated to Lebanon from [[Yemen]] & [[Saudi Arabia]].

In the present day, Bedouin communities, particularly in Lebanon’s southern border region, have undergone significant socio-cultural changes, shifting from a traditionally nomadic lifestyle to settled farming, including tobacco cultivation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Khayyat |first=Munira |title=A landscape of war: ecologies of resistance and survival in South Lebanon |date=2022 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38999-1 |location=Oakland, California}}</ref> Additionally, increased border demarcations, such as those between Lebanon and Israel, have separated many Bedouin families, although kinship ties do remain.<ref name=":3" /> ''Bedu'' have become increasingly connected to the sectarian political system. According to Munira Khayyat, "[t]oday the main identifying quality of ''bedu'', like all of the communities that inhabit the borderland (and all citizens of Lebanon), is their sectarian identity",<ref name=":3" /> with Bedouin communities being "claimed and cultivated".<ref name=":3" />

=== Palestine ===
{{Main|Palestinian Bedouin}}
[[File:Bedouin tribes West bank.gif|thumb|right|Bedouin tribes in the West Bank]]
[[Palestinian Bedouins]] were originally from the [[Negev Desert]]. In the course of the [[1948 Palestine war]], they fled or were displaced from their land.<ref name="unoptbedouins">{{Cite web |title=Bedouins in the occupied Palestinian territory - UNDP report |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195392/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref> Other Bedouins were expelled from the Negev in 1953 and had relocated to the [[West Bank]], which at the time belonged to [[Jordan]].<ref name="minorityrights-palestine"/> Today, there are 40,000 Bedouins in the whole of the West Bank, including 27,000 people under Israeli military control in [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]].<ref name="minorityrights-palestine">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Palestine - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/palestine/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> Unlike [[Negev Bedouins]], West Bank Bedouins are not [[Israeli citizenship law|Israeli citizens]].<ref name="minorityrights-palestine"/> Bedouin communities in the West bank have been targeted with forcible relocations to townships to accommodate the growth of illegal [[Israeli settlement]]s on the outskirts of [[East Jerusalem]].<ref name="minorityrights-palestine"/> Bedouins also live in the [[Gaza strip]], including 5,000 in [[Om al-Nasr]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas' use of excessive force to displace Bedouins angers Gazans - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/06/hamas-use-excessive-force-displace-bedouins-angers-gazans |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.al-monitor.com |date=20 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However, the number of nomadic Bedouins is shrinking and many are now settled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammad |first=Tarneem |date=2017-06-07 |title=The Bedouins of Gaza |url=https://wearenotnumbers.org/bedouins_of_gaza/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=We Are Not Numbers |language=en-US}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Israel}} Israel===
{{see also|Israeli Bedouin}}
[[File:Bedouin squatter compound.png|thumb|Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Bedouin Scouts On The Track (11).jpg|thumb|Bedouin soldiers in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]]]

Prior to the 1948 [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the [[Negev]] desert. According to ''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'', 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Khalidi |editor-first=Walid |year=1992 |title=All That Remains. The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 |publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]] |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-88728-224-5 |page=582}}</ref> Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<ref name="Bedouin Demographics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel |title=The Bedouin in Israel: Demography |website=[[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date=1 July 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026125647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel |archive-date=26 October 2007}}</ref> All of the Bedouins residing in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moch.gov.il/SiteCollectionDocuments/odot/doch_goldberg/Doch_Vaada_Shofet_Goldberg.pdf |title=Report of the Commission to Propose a Policy for Arranging Bedouin Settlement in the Negev (a.k.a. the Goldberg Report) |website=[[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Ministry of Construction]] |pages=6–13 |language=he |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204154143/http://www.moch.gov.il/SiteCollectionDocuments/odot/doch_goldberg/Doch_Vaada_Shofet_Goldberg.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2020, there are 210,000 Bedouins in Israel: 150,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in [[Galilee]] and the [[Jezreel Valley]], and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<ref name="jvl2020">{{Cite web |title=The Bedouin in Israel |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-bedouin-in-israel |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

[[Galilee Bedouins]] have been living in the northern part of Israel for four centuries. Today, they live in 28 settlements in the north. They also live in mixed villages with other non-Bedouin Arabs.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zevulun |first=D. |date=2008 |title=Home Is Where The Hatred Is? Sense of belonging and exclusion of Galilee Bedouins with regard to the Jewish state, Israeli-Jewish and Israeli-Arab citizens. |url=https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/1736 |type=Master Thesis |language=en}}</ref>

The Bedouin who remained in the Negev belonged to the [[Tiyaha bedouin|Tiaha]] confederation<ref>{{cite book |last=Lustick |first=Ian |title=Arabs in the Jewish State |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1980 |location= Austin, TX |pages=57, 134–6 |author-link=Ian Lustick}}</ref> as well as some smaller groups such as the [['Azazme]] and the [[Jahalin Bedouin|Jahalin]]. After 1948, some [[Negev Bedouins]] were displaced. The [[Jahalin Bedouin|Jahalin]] tribe, for instance, lived in the [[Tel Arad]] region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes that, according to [[Emanuel Marx]], "moved or were removed by the military government".<ref>{{cite book |title=Bedouin Society in the Negev |last=Marx |first=Emanuel |year=1974 |publisher=Rashafim |location=Tel Aviv |page=17 |language=he}}</ref> They ended up in the so-called [[E1 (Jerusalem)|E1]] area East of [[Jerusalem]].
[[File:"Bedouin Wedding Procession" in the Jerusalem section of the Pike at the 1904 World's Fair.jpg|thumb|Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the [[1904 World's Fair]].]]
About 1,600 Bedouin serve as volunteers in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], many as trackers in the IDF's elite tracking units.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/profiles/2013/04/24/Bedouin-army-trackers-scale-Israel-social-ladder-.html |title=Muslim Arab Bedouins serve as Jewish state's gatekeepers |date=24 April 2013 |website=[[Al Arabiya English]]}}</ref>

Famously, Bedouin shepherds were the first to discover the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the [[Judean]] [[Qumran|caves of Qumran]] in 1946. Of great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were found over the following decade, many of which were discovered by Bedouins. Successive Israeli administrations tried to demolish Bedouins villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal townships in the north-east of the Negev, with [[Tel as-Sabi]] or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, city of [[Rahat]], has a population of over 58,700 (as of December 2013);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton65/st02_24.pdf |website=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Population and Density per Sq. Km. In Localities Numbering 5,000 Residents and More on 31 XII 2013(1)}}</ref> as such it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another well-known township out of the seven of them that the Israeli government built, is [[Hura]]. According to the Israel Land Administration (2007), some 60 per cent of the Negev Bedouin live in [[Township|urban areas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf |title=Bedouin of the Negev |website=[[Israel Land Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135350/http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> The rest live in so-called [[Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel|unrecognized villages]], which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. Despite these communities often predating the state of Israel, many are considered to be located in areas deemed unsuitable by the Israeli government, including military fire zones, [[natural reserve]]s, [[landfill]]s, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/bedouin/#:~:text=Currently%20there%20are%20around%20200%2C000,to%20serve%20in%20the%20military. |title=Bedouin In Israel |website=[[Minority Rights Group]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917030735/https://minorityrights.org/communities/bedouin/ |archive-date= 17 September 2024 }}</ref>[[File:Badawit naqib.jpg|thumb|A [[Negev]] Bedouin man.]] On 29 September 2003, Israeli [[Cabinet of Israel|government]] adapted a new "Abu Basma Plan" (Resolution 881), according to which a new regional council was formed, unifying a number of unrecognized Bedouin settlements—[[Abu Basma Regional Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847418880&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer |title=Beduin in Limbo |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=24 December 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706010434/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847418880&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> This resolution also regarded the need to establish seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903 |title=Government resolutions passed in recent years regarding the Arab population of Israel |work=Abraham Fund Initiative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082421/http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903 |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> literally meaning the official recognition of unrecognized settlements, providing them with a municipal status and consequently with all the basic services and infrastructure. The council was established by the [[Israeli Ministry of Interior|Interior Ministry]] on 28 January 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc |title=The Bedouin Population in Transition: Site Visit to Abu Basma Regional Council |website=Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute |date=28 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928165539/http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Israel is currently building or enlarging some 13 towns and cities in the Negev. According to the general planning, all of them will be fully equipped with the relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, postal offices, etc. and they also will have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to fight unemployment are planned, some are already being constructed, like [[Idan HaNegev]] in the suburbs of Rahat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bns-en.com/en-us/39/41 |title=A Lіѕt of Trаvеl Tips to Make Yоur Vacation Plаnnіng Easier |website=bns-en.com |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014161330/http://bns-en.com/en-us/39/41/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It will have a hospital and a new campus inside.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Itamar |last=Eichner |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4210642,00.html |title=Harvard University makes aliyah |website=[[Ynetnews]] |date=1 April 2012}}</ref> The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birth rate among the Bedouin {{Citation needed|reason=Needs citation and cause/effect assumption is patently racist.|date=January 2020}} of 5% per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bedouin in Israel |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-bedouin-in-israel |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year [[economic development]] plan called the [[Prawer Commission|''Prawer plan'']].<ref name="Prawer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Spokesman/Pages/spokenegev110911.aspx |title=Cabinet Approves Plan to Provide for the Status of Communities in, and the Economic Development of, the Bedouin Sector in the Negev |website=Prime Minister's Office |date=11 September 2012}}</ref> One of its implications is a relocation of some 30.000-40.000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-approved [[township]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011912151231223454.html |title=Bedouin transfer plan shows Israel's racism |website=Al Jazeera |date=13 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/03/bedouin-plight-traditions-threat-israel |title=Bedouin's plight: "We want to maintain our traditions. But it's a dream here" |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 November 2011}}</ref> In a 2012 resolution the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of the Prawer plan and respect for the rights of the Bedouin people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/european-parliament-condemns-israel-s-policy-toward-bedouin-population-1.449687 |title=European Parliament condemns Israel's policy toward Bedouin population |first=Jack |last=Khoury |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=8 July 2013 |quote=The European Parliament Calls for the protection of the Bedouin communities of the West Bank and in the Negev, and for Israeli authorities to respect their rights and condemns any violations (e.g., house demolitions, forced displacements, and public service limitations). It calls also, in this context, for the withdrawal of the Prawer Plan by the Israeli Government.}}</ref> In September 2014, [[Yair Shamir]], who heads the Israeli government's ministerial committee on Bedouin resettlement arrangements, stated that the government was examining ways to lower the birthrate of the Bedouin community in order to improve its standard of living. Shamir claimed that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.618119 |title=Minister: Israel Looking at Ways to Lower Bedouin Birthrate |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/to-raise-bedouin-living-standards-minister-tackles-birth-rate/ |title=To up Bedouin living standards, minister tackles birth rate |newspaper=The Times of Israel |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

In May 2015, the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] and the [[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] have combined forces. Both organizations called on Israel to stop its plans to relocate Bedouin communities currently living in the [[West Bank]] to land outside of [[Jerusalem]] for better access to infrastructure, health, and education. Officials stated that a "forcible transfer" of over 7000 Bedouin people would "destroy their culture and livelihoods."<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. agencies urge israel to halt palestinian bedouin relocation plans|last=EFE News Service|date=20 May 2015|id={{ProQuest|1681936677}}}}</ref>

===Jordan===
[[File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg|thumb|A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in [[Wadi Rum]], Jordan]]
[[File:Hijazeen.jpg|thumb|A significant percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin, the picture shows a Bedouin Christian family belonging to the Hijazeen tribe in [[Karak]] in 1895]]Most of the Bedouin tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to what is [[Jordan]] today between the 14th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordanbeauty.com/Nomads.html|title=Bedouin Culture in Jordan|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> They are often referred to as a backbone of the Kingdom,<ref name="UNHCR">[https://archive.today/20130416022509/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,MRGI,,JOR,4954ce4ec,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Jordan : Overview. Peoples], [[UNHCR]] report, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brendasjordan.com/about/general-information/bedouin|title=Brenda's Jordan|access-date=19 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101163014/http://www.brendasjordan.com/about/general-information/bedouin/|archive-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> since Bedouin clans traditionally support the monarchy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14636308|title=Jordan profile - Leaders|work=BBC News|date=3 February 2015|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

Most of Jordan's Bedouin live in the vast wasteland that extends east from the Desert Highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/people1.html |title=The People of Jordan |website=kinghussein.gov.jo |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders, while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats. Some Bedouin in Jordan are semi-nomads, they adopt a nomadic existence during part of the year but return to their lands and homes in time to practice agriculture.

The largest nomadic groups of Jordan are the Bani Hasan (Mafraq, Zarqa, Jarash, Ajloun and parts of Amman) [[Bani Sakher|Bani Ṣakher]] (Amman and Madaba) Banū Laith (Petra), and [[Howeitat|Banū al-Ḥuwayṭāt]] (they reside in [[Wadi Rum]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} There are numerous lesser groups, such as the al-Sirḥān, Banū Khālid, Hawazim, ʿAṭiyyah, and Sharafāt. The Ruwālah (Rwala) tribe, which is not indigenous, passes through Jordan in its yearly wandering from Syria to Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jordan |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |date=6 May 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306128/Jordan/256320/Languages#toc23343}}</ref> The region encompassing [[Wadi Musa]] and Petra is inhabited by the prominent Liyathnah tribe alongside the smaller [[Bedul]] community, believed to have [[Jews|Jewish]] or [[Nabataeans|Nabataean]] ancestry.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Simms |first=Steven |date=1996 |title=The Bedul Bedouin of Petra, Jordan: Traditions, tourism, and an uncertain future |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287496244 |journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=22–25}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Peake |first=Frederick Gerard |url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-rbsc_isl_history-trans-jordan-tribes_DS1544B551934_vol1-5254/page/n117/mode/2up |title=A history of Trans-Jordan and its tribes |year=1934 |volume=1 |publisher=Unknown publisher|location=Amman |pages=109}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Ben-Zvi |first=Itzhak |author-link=Yitzhak Ben-Zvi |title=שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת |publisher=none |year=1967 |location=תל אביב תרפ"ז |pages=374–378 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=She'ar Yeshuv}}</ref> The Hijazeen are a Christian Bedouin tribe located in Jordan with roots in the [[Hejaz]] of present-day Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=تقرير خاص لقناة العربية نيوز يتعلق بتاريخ عشيرة الحجازين و الطابع البدوي للعشيرة قبل إعلان إمارة شرق الاردن (المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية) .|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1626225610747190|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>

The Jordanian government provides the Bedouin with different services such as education, housing and health clinics. However, some Bedouins give it up and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle.

In the recent years, there is a growing discontent of the Bedouin with the ruling monarch [[Abdullah II of Jordan]]. In August 2007, police clashed with some 200 Bedouins who were blocking the [[Highway 15 (Jordan)|main highway]] between Amman and the port of Aqaba. Livestock herders were protesting the government's lack of support in the face of the steeply rising cost of animal feed and expressed resentment about government assistance to refugees.<ref name="UNHCR" />

[[Arab Spring]] events in 2011 led to demonstrations in Jordan, and Bedouins took part in them. But the [[Hashemites]] did not see a revolt similar to turbulence in other Arab states. The main reasons for that are the high respect to the monarch and contradictory interests of different groups of the Jordanian society. The King Abdullah II maintains his distance from the complaints by allowing blame to fall on government ministers, whom he replaces at will.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/world/middleeast/05jordan.html |title=Jordan Faces a Rising Tide of Unrest, but Few Expect a Revolt |first=Ethan |last=Bronner |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

===Egypt===
[[File: Bedouins making bread.jpg|thumb|Bedouins making bread in [[Egypt]].]]
Bedouins in Egypt mostly reside in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] Peninsula, [[Matrouh Governorate|Matruh]], [[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]] governate, eastern parts of [[Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]] governate, [[Suez]], [[Ismailia]] and in the suburbs of the Egyptian capital of Cairo.<ref name=DNE>{{cite news |first=Tamim |last=Elyan |url=http://www.masress.com/en/dailynews/122312 |title=Metropolitan Bedouins: Tarabin tribe living in Cairo between urbanization and Bedouin traditions |newspaper=[[Daily News Egypt]] |date=20 August 2010 }}</ref> Traditional Bedouin culture was affected by the establishment of resort towns on the Red Sea coast, such as [[Sharm el-Sheikh]]. In the wake of urbanization and educational opportunities, many Bedouins now marry outside their tribe, a practice that once was frowned upon.<ref name="DNE" />

Bedouins living in the Sinai Peninsula did not benefit much from the construction boom due to the low wages offered. Sudanese and Egyptian workers were brought in as construction workers instead. When the tourist industry started to bloom, local Bedouins became cab drivers, tour guides and managers of campgrounds and coffee shops. Tarabin and other Bedouin tribes living along the border between Egypt and Israel have been  involved in inter-border smuggling of drugs and weapons,<ref name="DNE" /> as well as infiltration of prostitutes and [[Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel|African labour workers]].
[[File:Schmidt-Encampment.jpg|thumb|Bedouin encampment outside [[Cairo]], 1849]]
In most countries in the Middle East, the Bedouin have no land rights, only users' privileges,<ref name=BenDavid>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/7/The+Bedouin+in+Israel.htm |first=Yosef |last=Ben-David |title=The Bedouin in Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=1 July 1999}}</ref> and it is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, the Bedouins who held desirable coastal property have lost control of much of their land as it was sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators. The Egyptian government did not see the land as belonging to Bedouin tribes, but rather as state property.

In the summer of 1999, the Egyptian army bulldozed Bedouin-run tourist campgrounds north of Nuweiba as part of the final phase of hotel development overseen by the Tourist Development Agency (TDA). The director of the Tourist Development Agency dismissed Bedouin rights to most of the land, saying that they had not lived on the coast prior to 1982. Their traditional semi-nomadic culture has left Bedouins vulnerable to such claims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allsinai.info/sites/beduines.htm |title=Sinai Beduines |first=Konstantin |last=Abercron |website=allsinai.info |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208015717/http://allsinai.info/sites/beduines.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]] brought more freedom to the Sinai Bedouin, but since they were  
involved in drug smuggling into Gaza, the Egyptian army demolished over 120 tunnels that were used as smuggling channels, compelling them to cooperate with state troops and officials. After negotiations, the military campaign ended with a new agreement between the Bedouin and Egyptian authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/egypt-halts-sinai-anti-terror-campaign-will-open-talks-with-bedouin-1.461262 |title=Egypt Halts Sinai Anti-terror Campaign, Will Open Talks With Bedouin |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

===Maghreb===
[[File:Les dunes de Merzouga (Une caravane de chameaux ).jpg|thumb|Bedouin near [[Merzouga]], [[Morocco]].]]
[[File:Chief of Mascara.jpg|thumb|Commander and Amir of [[Mascara, Algeria|Mascara]] in [[Algeria]], [[Banu Hilal]].]]
[[File:Bedouins in Libya.tif|thumb|A group of Bedouins with their [[tent]] in [[Libya]], 1950s]]
The [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] had been a centuries-long process that continuously occurred since the 7th century. The initial waves of migration from the 7th to the 10th centuries mostly involved sedentary Arabs who established communities in cities, towns and surrounding rural areas. However, the Arab migrations from the 11th to the 15th centuries involved a significant influx of a great amount of nomadic Bedouin tribes to the region.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

In the 11th century, the Bedouin tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], who originated from central and north Arabia respectively,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_75PBQAAQBAJ&q=Moroccan+Bedouin&pg=PT288 |title=The Arabic Language |first=Kees |last=Versteegh |date=31 May 2014 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748694600 |access-date=20 July 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> living at the time in a desert between the [[Nile]] and the [[Red Sea]], moved westward into the Maghreb areas and were joined by the Bedouin tribe of [[Maqil|Ma'qil]], which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave of Arab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when the [[Zirid dynasty]] of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large Bedouin Arab tribes, mainly the [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a [[nomad]]ic lifestyle and were originally from the [[Hejaz]] and [[Najd]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC" /> They were later joined by the Bedouin tribe of [[Maqil|Ma'qil]], which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

According to [[Ibn Khaldun]], they were accompanied by their wives, children and stock. They settled in the Maghreb after repeatedly fighting battles against the Berbers, such as the [[Battle of Haydaran]]. They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into [[Arab culture]], and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.<ref name=":13"/> It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the [[Sahara]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Duri |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71 |title=The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation) |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62286-8 |pages=70–74 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, they destroyed the Berber Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Mediterranean coastal strip at [[Mahdia|al-Mahdiyya]], and deeply weakened the neighboring [[Hammadid dynasty]] and the [[Zenata]]. Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural, genetic and ethnic [[Arabization]] of the [[Maghreb]].<ref name=":13" /> According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become [[Desertification|desertified]] and turned into completely arid desert. The journey of Banu Hilal is recounted in the Arabic oral poem of [[Sirat Bani Hilal]].<ref name=":13" />

To persuade the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to migrate to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the [[Nile|Nile river]]. The severe drought in Egypt at the time also persuaded these tribes to migrate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir [[Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis|Al-Mu'izz]] and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted".<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=2011-01-01 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |pages=409 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Beduin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders.jpg|thumb|Bedouin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders. Hand-coloured print of a late 19th century black-and-white photo taken by French photographer [[Félix Bonfils]].]]
[[Berbers|Berber]] armies were defeated in trying to protect the walls of [[Kairouan]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[Zirids]] abandoned [[Kairouan]] to take refuge on the coast where they survived for a century. [[Ifriqiya]], the [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]] spread is on the high plains of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] where they gradually choked the [[Beni Hammad Fort|Qal'a of Banu Hammad]], as they had done [[Kairouan]] few decades ago. From there, they gradually gained the upper [[Algiers]] and [[Oran]] plains, some were taken to the [[Moulouya]] valley and in [[Doukkala]] plains by the [[Almohads|Caliph]] of [[Marrakesh]] in the second half of the 12th century.<ref name=":1" /> [[Ibn Khaldun]], a [[Muslim]] [[historian]] wrote: "Similar to an army of locusts, they destroy everything in their path."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first=François |last=Decret |title=Les invasions hilaliennes en Ifrîqiya |date=September 2003 |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_invasions_hilaliennes_en_ifriqiya.asp |website=www.clio.fr |access-date=21 November 2015 |language=fr}}</ref> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The [[Zenata]] were pushed to the west and the [[Kabyle people|Kabyles]] were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Farida |first1=Benouis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmaWEAAAQBAJ |title=An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. |last2=Houria |first2=Chérid |last3=Lakhdar |first3=Drias |last4=Amine |first4=Semar |date=30 August 2022 |publisher=Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen) |isbn=978-3-902966-14-8 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> The arrival of the Banu Hilal, followed by the Banu Sulaym in the 12th century, broke the balance between nomads and [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] populations in favor of the nomads. For strategic reasons, the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] gave over the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] plains of the western Maghreb to them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Africa |first=Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwV2a-lPB70C&pg=PA44 |title=UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century |date=1998-05-10 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06699-1 |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref>

Sources estimated that the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb only in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs.<ref name=":22"/>

The [[Maqil|Ma'qilis]] also entered the Maghreb during this wave of Arabian tribal immigration in the 11th century. They later allied with the Banu Hilal and entered under their protection.<ref name="pp77">{{cite book |last=Ibn Khaldun |first=Abderahman |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر |publisher=دار الفكر |year=1377 |volume=6 |page=77 |author-link=Ibn Khaldun}}</ref> They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last1=Sabatier |first1=Diane Himpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjpvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |title=Nomads of Mauritania |last2=Himpan |first2=Brigitte |date=2019-03-31 |publisher=Vernon Press |isbn=978-1-62273-410-8 |pages=110–111 |language=en}}</ref> In the 13th century, they occupied southern [[Algeria]] and dominated the oases of [[Tuat]] and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Maqil group had already disintegrated into different populations in the Maghreb and had given rise to the [[Beni Ḥassān|Beni Hassan]] along with other related groups.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web |title=Diccionario histórico-etnográfico de los pueblos de África {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/835983739 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |pages=153, 350 |language=en}}</ref> The Beni Hassan expanded southwest and occupied [[Sanhaja]] lands in the 13th century after invading and defeating the Berber confederation.<ref name=":05"/> The Sanhaja has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders.<ref name=":05" /> This took place during the [[Char Bouba war|Char Bouba War]] in modern-day [[Western Sahara]] and [[Mauritania]] from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi people]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of African history and culture {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/647901896 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=237 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/166382606 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=470 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":222">{{Cite web |last=Velázquez Elizarrarás |first=Juan Carlos |date=December 2014 |title=Orígenes de la identidad del pueblo saharaui |url=http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/humaniadelsur/article/view/6245}}</ref> Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ould-Mey |first=Mohameden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxZ9JV-UOEC&pg=PA69 |title=Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania |date=1996 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8226-3051-7 |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref>

These Bedouin tribes emerged into several contemporary sub-tribes. The most well known Bedouin tribes in [[Algeria]] include [[Awlad Sidi Shaykh]], [[Ouled Naïl|Ouled Nail]], [[Chaamba]], [[Doui-Menia]] and [[Hamyan]], who primarily live in the [[Algerian Desert]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weissleder |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&pg=PA13 |title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081023-3 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Greater Maghreb|Maghrebi]] Bedouin dialects, often called [[Hilalian dialects]], are used in the regions of Morocco Atlantic Coast, in regions of [[Hautes Plaines|High Plains]] and [[Sahara Desert|Sahara]] in [[Algeria]], in regions of [[Sahel, Tunisia|Tunisian Sahel]] and in regions of [[Tripolitania]]. The Bedouin dialects has four major varieties:<ref name="tme">{{cite web |first=Kees |last=Versteegh |url=http://acc.teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=113&sequence=5 |title=Dialects of Arabic: Maghreb Dialects |website=TeachMideast.org |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715181940/http://acc.teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=113&sequence=5 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Barkat">{{cite book |first=Mélissa |last=Barkat |chapter=Les dialectes Maghrébins |chapter-url=http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/barkat_m#p=24&a=top |title=Détermination d'indices acoustiques robustes pour l'identification automatique des parlers arabes |publisher=Université Lumière Lyon 2 |year=2000}}</ref>
* Sulaym dialects, [[Libya]] and southern [[Tunisia]];
* Eastern Hilal dialects, central [[Tunisia]] and eastern [[Algeria]];
* Central Hilal dialects, south and central [[Algeria]], especially in border areas of [[Sahara]];
* Western Hilal dialects, Atlantic plains of western [[Morocco]]
* Maqil dialects, western [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]];

In [[Morocco]], Bedouin Arabic dialects are spoken in plains and in recently founded cities such as [[Casablanca]]. Thus, the city Arabic dialect shares with the Bedouin dialects ''gal'' 'to say' (qala); they also represent the bulk of modern urban dialects ([[Koiné]]s), such as those of [[Oran]] and [[Algiers]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/>