Editing Beauty (section)

====Classical period====
The [[Classical Greece|classical]] concept of beauty is one that exhibits perfect proportion (Wolfflin).<ref name="Sartwell, C">{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/#ClaCon|author=Sartwell, C|title=Beauty|publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition)|editor=Edward N. Zalta|accessdate=2015-05-11|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118204000/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/#ClaCon|url-status=live}}</ref> In this context, the concept belonged often within the discipline of mathematics.<ref name="G Parsons"/> An idea of spiritual beauty emerged during the [[Classical antiquity|classical period]],<ref name="W Tatarkiewicz"/> beauty was something embodying divine goodness, while the demonstration of behaviour which might be classified as beautiful, from an inner state of morality which is aligned to the [[Summum bonum#Plato and Aristotle|good]].<ref name="L Cheney">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Edi7bg9V3aEC&pg=PA118|author=L Cheney|title=Giorgio Vasari's Teachers: Sacred & Profane Art|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2007|isbn=978-0820488134|accessdate=2015-05-11|page=118|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045645/https://books.google.com/books?id=Edi7bg9V3aEC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref>

The writing of [[Xenophon]] shows a conversation between [[Socrates]] and [[Aristippus]]. Socrates discerned differences in the conception of the beautiful, for example, in inanimate objects, the effectiveness of execution of design was a deciding factor on the perception of beauty in something.<ref name="W Tatarkiewicz"/> By the account of Xenophon, Socrates found beauty congruent with that to which was defined as the morally good, in short, he thought beauty coincident with [[Form of the Good|the good]].<ref>N Wilson - [https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece''] (p.20) Routledge, 31 Oct 2013 {{ISBN|113678800X}} [Retrieved 2015-05-12]</ref>

Beauty is a subject of [[Plato]] in his work [[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]].<ref name="Fistioc, M.C., review by S Naragon, Manchester College">{{cite book|url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23046-the-beautiful-shape-of-the-good-platonic-and-pythagorean-themes-in-kant-s-critique-of-the-power-of-judgment/|author=Fistioc, M.C.|others=Review by S Naragon, Manchester College|title=The Beautiful Shape of the Good: Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment|date=December 5, 2002 |publisher=Routledge, 2002 (University of Notre Dame philosophy reviews)|accessdate=2015-05-11|archive-date=January 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122042943/http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23046-the-beautiful-shape-of-the-good-platonic-and-pythagorean-themes-in-kant-s-critique-of-the-power-of-judgment/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the work, the high priestess [[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]] describes how beauty moves out from a core singular appreciation of the body to outer appreciations via loved ones, to the world in its state of culture and society (Wright).<ref name="J.L. Wright (2003)"/> In other words, Diotoma gives to Socrates an explanation of how love should begin with [[Eroticism|erotic attachment]], and end with the transcending of the physical to an appreciation of beauty as a thing in itself. The ascent of love begins with one's own body, then secondarily, in appreciating beauty in another's body, thirdly beauty in the soul, which cognates to beauty in the mind in the modern sense, fourthly beauty in institutions, laws and activities, fifthly beauty in knowledge, the sciences, and finally to lastly love beauty itself, which translates to the original Greek language term as ''[[Wikt:auto#Etymology 1|auto]] to [[Wikt:kalon|kalon]]''.<ref name="K Urstad">{{cite book|url=http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/6/0/4/%7B60490E04-DC57-48DA-9334-9E0B40C03C8D%7DUrstad7.pdf|author=K Urstad|title=Loving Socrates:The Individual and the Ladder of Love in Plato's ''Symposium''|publisher=Res Cogitans 2010 no.7, vol. 1|accessdate=2015-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010022315/http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/6/0/4/%7B60490E04-DC57-48DA-9334-9E0B40C03C8D%7DUrstad7.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the final state, ''auto to kalon'' and truth are united as one.<ref name="W. K. C. Guthrie, J Warren"/> There is the sense in the text, concerning love and beauty they both co-exist but are still independent or, in other words, mutually exclusive, since love does not have beauty since it seeks beauty.<ref name="A Preus">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9wWJcRD8tYC&pg=PA75|author=A Preus|title=Notes on Greek Philosophy from Thales to Aristotle (parts 198 and 210)|publisher=Global Academic Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=1883058090 | accessdate=2015-05-12}}</ref> The work toward the end provides a description of beauty in a negative sense.<ref name="A Preus"/>

Plato also discusses beauty in his work ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'',<ref name="W. K. C. Guthrie, J Warren">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K53FQyj44UIC&pg=PA112|author1=W. K. C. Guthrie |author2=J. Warren |title=The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle (p.112)|publisher=Routledge |year=2012|isbn=978-0415522281|accessdate=2015-05-12}}</ref> and identifies Alcibiades as beautiful in ''[[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]]''.<ref name="S Scolnicov">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4C0p-lM0dgQC&pg=PA21|author=S Scolnicov|title=Plato's Parmenides |page=21|publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0520925114|accessdate=2015-05-12}}</ref> He considered beauty to be the Idea ([[Theory of forms|Form]]) above all other Ideas.<ref>Phaedrus</ref> Platonic thought synthesized beauty with [[Divinity|the divine]].<ref name="J.L. Wright (2003)">{{cite book|url=http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=eip|author=J.L. Wright|title=Review of The Beautiful Shape of the Good:Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment by M.C.Fistioc ''Volume 4 Issue 2 Medical Research Ethics''|publisher=Pacific University Library|accessdate=2015-05-11|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093334/http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=eip|url-status=dead}}(ed. 4th paragraph - ''beauty and the divine'')</ref> [[Roger Scruton|Scruton]] (cited: Konstan) states Plato states of the idea of beauty, of it (the idea), being something inviting desirousness (cf. [[Wikt:seduction|seducing]]), and, promotes an [[intellect]]ual [[Wikt:renounce|renunciation]] (cf. [[Wikt:denounce|denouncing]]) of desire.<ref name="D. Konstan">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVQgBQAAQBAJ|author=D. Konstan |title=Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea|publisher=published by Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199927265 |accessdate=2015-11-24}}</ref> For [[Alexander Nehamas]], it is only the locating of desire to which the sense of beauty exists, in the considerations of Plato.<ref>F. McGhee - {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210310091244/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/cold-pastoral/ review of text written by David Konstan]}} published by the [[Oxonian Review]] March 31, 2015  [Retrieved 2015-11-24](references not sources:  [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-06-08.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2014.06.08 (Donald Sells)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126032057/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-06-08.html |date=November 26, 2014 }} + [http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605507.001.0001/acprof-9780199605507  DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605507.001.0001 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716084141/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605507.001.0001/acprof-9780199605507 |date=July 16, 2020 }})</ref>

[[Aristotle]] defines beauty in [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]] as having order, symmetry and definiteness ''which the mathematical sciences exhibit to a special degree''.<ref name="Sartwell, C"/> He saw a relationship between the beautiful (''to kalon'') and virtue, arguing that "Virtue aims at the beautiful."<ref>Nicomachean Ethics</ref>