Editing Basidiomycota (section)

===Smuts===
The characteristic part of the life-cycle of [[smut (fungus)|smuts]] is the thick-walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry [[Diaspore (botany)|diaspores]]. The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelium is formed that consists of a short hypha (equated to a basidium). In some smuts such as ''[[Mycosarcoma maydis]]'' the nuclei migrate into the promycelium that becomes septate (i.e., divided into cellular compartments separated by cell walls called ''[[Septum#In mycology|septa]]''), and haploid yeast-like conidia/basidiospores sometimes called sporidia, bud off laterally from each cell. In various smuts, the yeast phase may proliferate, or they may fuse, or they may infect plant tissue and become hyphal. In other smuts, such as ''[[Tilletia tritici|Tilletia caries]]'', the elongated haploid basidiospores form apically, often in compatible pairs that fuse centrally resulting in H-shaped [[diaspore]]s which are by then dikaryotic. Dikaryotic conidia may then form. Eventually the host is infected by infectious hyphae. Teliospores form in host tissue. Many variations on these general themes occur.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Smuts with both a yeast phase and an infectious hyphal state are examples of [[Polymorphism (biology)|dimorphic]] Basidiomycota.<ref name="Prillinger_2002">{{cite journal |last1=Prillinger |first1=Hansjörg |last2=Lopandic |first2=Ksenija |last3=Schweigkofler |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Deak |first4=Robert |display-authors=3 |date=February 2002 |title=Phylogeny and Systematics of the Fungi with Special Reference to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11274315 |journal=Chemical Immunology |volume=81 |issue=9413 |pages=207–295 |doi=10.1159/000058868 |pmid=12102002 |access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref> In plant parasitic taxa, the saprotrophic phase is normally the yeast while the infectious stage is hyphal. However, there are examples of animal and human parasites where the species are dimorphic but it is the yeast-like state that is infectious.<ref name="Carres_2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez-Carres |first1=Marianela |last2=Findley |first2=Keisha |last3=Sun |first3=Sheng |last4=Dietrich |first4=Fred S. |last5=Heitman |first5=Joseph |date=2010-03-10 |title=Morphological and Genomic Characterization of Filobasidiella depauperata: A Homothallic Sibling Species of the Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species Complex |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=3  |pages=e9620 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009620 |doi-access=free |pmid=20224779 |pmc=2835752 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...5.9620R }}</ref> The genus ''[[Filobasidiella]]'' forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the [[anamorph]]ic yeast name ''[[Cryptococcus (fungus)|Cryptococcus]]'', e.g. ''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''<ref name="Erke_1976">{{cite journal |last1=Erke |first1=K. H. |date=October 1976 |title=Light microscopy of basidia, basidiospores, and nuclei in spores and hyphae of Filobasidiella neoformans (Cryptococcus neoformans) |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=445–455 |doi=10.1128/jb.128.1.445-455.1976 |pmid=789347 |pmc=232872 }}</ref> and ''[[Cryptococcus gattii]]''.<ref name="Carres_2010" />

The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with [[anamorph]]s, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are called basidiomycetous yeasts, which differentiates them from ascomycetous yeasts in the [[Ascomycota]]. Aside from yeast anamorphs and uredinia, aecia, and pycnidia, some Basidiomycota form other distinctive anamorphs as parts of their life cycles. Examples are ''[[Collybia tuberosa]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ATBI/Photos/12000to12099/12074.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025221100/http://www.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ATBI/Photos/12000to12099/12074.jpg |archive-date=2007-10-25 }}</ref> with its apple-seed-shaped and coloured [[sclerotium]], ''[[Dendrocollybia racemosa]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf%20files/manuscripts%20volume%201/pnwf20069.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203256/http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf%20files/manuscripts%20volume%201/pnwf20069.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Microsoft Word – Machnicki revised for pdf final august 24<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> with its sclerotium and its ''[[Tilachlidiopsis racemosa]]'' conidia, ''[[Armillaria]]'' with their [[mycelial cord|rhizomorphs]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioart.co.uk/lux/mycit.html |title=LUXGENE.COM: The glow-in-the-dark website |access-date=2007-09-13 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040055/http://www.bioart.co.uk/lux/mycit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Hohenbuehelia]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/hohenbue.htm |title=Hohenbue<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221075703/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/hohenbue.htm |archive-date=2006-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with their ''[[Nematoctonus]]'' [[nematode]] infectious, state<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/8knobs.htm |title=8knobs<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221075333/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/8knobs.htm |archive-date=2006-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the coffee leaf parasite, ''[[Mycena citricolor]]'',<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and its ''[[Decapitatus flavidus]]'' [[propagule]]s called gemmae.