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Bartolomé de las Casas
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=== Bishop of Chiapas === [[File:Iglesia de San Pablo, Valladolid. Fachada.jpg|thumb|The Church of the Dominican Convent of San Pablo in Valladolid where Bartolomé de Las Casas was consecrated as Bishop on March 30, 1544.]] Before Las Casas returned to Spain, he was also appointed as Bishop of [[Chiapas]], a newly established [[diocese]] of which he took possession in 1545 upon his return to the New World. He was consecrated in the Dominican Church of San Pablo on 30 March 1544. As Archbishop [[García de Loaysa|Loaysa]] strongly disliked Las Casas,<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Giménez Fernández|1971|p=99}}</ref> the ceremony was officiated by Loaysa's nephew, [[Diego de Loaysa]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Senj-Modruš|Bishop of Modruš]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZVUXXdcna8C&q=diego+de+loaysa&pg=PA493|first=Lawrence A.|last=Clayton|title=Bartolomé de Las Casas|page=291|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2012|isbn=978-1107001213}}</ref> with [[Pedro Torres (bishop)|Pedro Torres]], [[Titular Bishop]] of ''Arbanum'', and [[Cristóbal de Pedraza]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tegucigalpa|Bishop of Comayagua]], as co-consecrators.<ref name="CathHierBartCasas">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdlcas.html |title=Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas (Casaus), O.P.|website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|first=David M. |last=Cheney|access-date= 29 February 2016}}</ref> As a bishop Las Casas was involved in frequent conflicts with the encomenderos and secular laity of his diocese: among the landowners there was the conquistador [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]]. In a [[pastoral letter]] issued on 20 March 1545, Las Casas refused [[absolution]] to slave owners and encomenderos even on their death bed, unless all their slaves had been set free and their property returned to them.<ref name="Gimenez Fernandez p103">{{harvcoltxt|Giménez Fernández|1971|p=103}}</ref> Las Casas furthermore threatened that anyone who mistreated Indians within his jurisdiction would be excommunicated. He also came into conflict with the Bishop of Guatemala [[Francisco Marroquín]], to whose jurisdiction the diocese had previously belonged. To Las Casas's dismay Bishop Marroquín openly defied the New Laws. While bishop, Las Casas was the principal consecrator of [[Antonio de Valdivieso]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of León in Nicaragua|Bishop of Nicaragua]] (1544).<ref name=CathHierBartCasas /> The New Laws were finally repealed on 20 October 1545, and riots broke out against Las Casas, with shots being fired against him by angry colonists.<ref name="Gimenez Fernandez p103" /> After a year he had made himself so unpopular among the Spaniards of the area that he had to leave. Having been summoned to a meeting among the bishops of New Spain to be held in [[Mexico City]] on 12 January 1546, he left his diocese, never to return.<ref name="Gimenez Fernandez p103" /><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Brading|1997|p=133}}</ref> At the meeting, probably after lengthy reflection, and realizing that the New Laws were lost in Mexico, Las Casas presented a moderated view on the problems of confession and restitution of property, Archbishop [[Juan de Zumárraga]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico|Mexico]] and Bishop [[Julián Garcés]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles|Puebla]] agreed completely with his new moderate stance, Bishop [[Vasco de Quiroga]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Morelia|Michoacán]] had minor reservations, and Bishops [[Francisco Marroquín]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guatemala|Guatemala]] and [[Juan Lopez de Zárate]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca|Oaxaca]] did not object. This resulted in a new resolution to be presented to viceroy Mendoza.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Giménez Fernández|1971|pp=104–105}}</ref> His last act as Bishop of Chiapas was writing a ''[[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)#The Manuals of confession in the Middle Ages|confesionario]]'', a manual for the administration of the sacrament of confession in his diocese, still refusing absolution to unrepentant encomenderos. Las Casas appointed a vicar for his diocese and set out for Europe in December 1546, arriving in Lisbon in April 1547 and in Spain on November 1547.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Giménez Fernández|1971|p=106}}</ref>
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