Editing Baldwin I of Jerusalem (section)

===Expansion===
The Egyptians failed to launch any major military campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but they did continually raid Baldwin's southern frontier.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=90}} They massacred hundreds of pilgrims near Jaffa and defeated the governor of the town while Baldwin was fighting against Damascene troops in Galilee in October 1106.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=90}} In 1107 the Egyptians attacked [[Hebron]], but Baldwin forced them to lift the siege.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=91}} The Egyptian raids did not prevent Baldwin from pursuing an expansionist policy.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=91}} He compelled the governor of Sidon to pay a large tribute for a two-year truce in early 1106.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=91}} Early the following year, he made a raid into [[Oultrejordain]] and forced the enemy to destroy a fortress recently built by Damascene troops to control the caravan routes.{{sfn|Tibble|1989|p=29}} In August 1108 Baldwin and a band of Italian adventurers laid siege to Sidon, but the arrival of an Egyptian fleet and Turkish horsemen from Damascus forced him to abandon the siege.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=91}} In late 1108, he concluded a ten-year truce with the Turkoman Emir of Damascus [[Toghtekin]] in exchange for one-third of state revenues from the northern regions of Oultrejordain.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=96}}

[[File:Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles 2009.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A strong castle built of stones|[[Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles|Mount Pilgrim]] at [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]]]]

[[Bertrand, Count of Toulouse]] came to Syria to claim the lands that his father, [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond of Saint Gilles]], had conquered around Tripoli.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=91}} Bertrand's cousin, [[William II Jordan|William Jordan]], who had ruled these lands since Raymond's death, refused to cede them to him.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=91}} Bertrand sought Baldwin's assistance, while William Jordan secured Tancred's support.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=91}} Tancred had already outraged Baldwin II of Edessa through refusing to abandon Turbessel.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=84}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=30}} Baldwin convoked [[Council of Tripoli|an assembly]] to put an end to the crusader leaders' conflicts.{{sfn|Barber|2012|pp=91–92}} Since neither Tancred nor Jordan were his vassals, he summoned them in the name of the "whole church of Jerusalem" to the castle of [[Mount Pilgrim]] near Tripoli.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=30}}{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=92}} At the assembly in June 1109, Tancred agreed to abandon Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Galilee, Haifa and the [[Templum Domini|Temple of the Lord]]).{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=91}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=30}} Tancred did not take possession of his old domain, which remained under Baldwin's control.{{sfn|Tibble|1989|p=12}} Raymond's inheritance was distributed between Bertrand and Jordan, with Bertrand swearing fealty to Baldwin, and Jordan to Tancred.{{sfn|Barber|2012|pp=91–92}}

The crusader leaders united their forces to complete the [[siege of Tripoli|conquest of Tripoli]] begun by Raymond.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=91}} On 26{{nbs}}June, the Egyptian governor, Sharaf ad-Daulah, offered to surrender the town if a safe passage for those who wanted to leave the town was guaranteed.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=92}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=69}} Baldwin accepted the offer, but he could not prevent the Genoese from killing all those inhabitants whom they could capture.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=92}}{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=80}} Two-thirds of the town was granted to Bertrand of Toulouse who again took an oath of fealty to Baldwin.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=69}} Baldwin captured Beirut on 13{{nbs}}May 1110, with the assistance of Bertrand and a Genoese fleet.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=93}} He was again unable to prevent a general massacre of the townspeople.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=92}}{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=81}}

[[Mawdud]], the atabeg of Mosul, and his allies invaded the County of Edessa during the [[Siege of Beirut (1110)|siege of Beirut]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=115–116}} After the fall of Beirut, Baldwin and Bertrand{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=31}} hurried to Edessa to fight against the invaders.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=116}} Baldwin II of Edessa accused Tancred of having incited the Muslim rulers to take actions against him.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=116}} Regarding himself as the leader of all the Crusaders, Baldwin ordered Tancred to join the campaign and make peace with Baldwin II, otherwise he would declare Tancred the enemy of Christianity.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=116}} Since most crusaders supported the king, Tancred had no choice but to obey.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=116}} The incident strengthened Baldwin's suzerainty over Edessa.{{sfn|Lilie|1993|p=81}} After the new reconciliation, the crusaders pursued Mawdud, but rumours about Muslim attacks against Antioch and Jerusalem forced them to stop the campaign.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=117}} Before leaving the county, Baldwin suggested that the Christian (mainly Armenian) peasants should be transferred to the lands west of the Euphrates, because the Seljuk rulers had frequently raided the eastern regions.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=117}} While the peasants were gathering at a ferry on the river, Mawdud made a sudden raid and massacred most of them.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=117}}

[[Sigurd the Crusader|Sigurd I of Norway]]—the first king to visit the Kingdom of Jerusalem—had meanwhile landed at Acre.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=92}} Baldwin made an alliance with him and they laid [[Siege of Sidon (1110)|siege to Sidon]] in October 1110.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=92}} An Egyptian fleet routed the Norwegians, but the [[Doge of Venice]], [[Ordelafo Faliero]], and his fleet soon joined the crusaders and the town capitulated on 5{{nbs}}December.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=93}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=92}} Baldwin spared the lives of the townspeople and many of them moved to Tyre and Damascus.{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=81}}{{sfn|Edgington|2019|p=124}} The following year Baldwin marched to Ascalon:{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=88}} to prevent a siege the Egyptian governor of the town, Shams al-Khalīfa, promised to pay 70,000 [[dinar]]s as a tribute and allowed crusader troops into the citadel.{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=88}}{{sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=82}} However, the townspeople rose up against al-Khalīfa in July{{sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=82}} and his [[Berbers|Berber]] guards joined the rioters, murdering him and the crusader troops.{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=88}}

Mawdud launched a new expedition against the northern crusader states in August.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=122}}{{sfn|Edgington|2019|p=163}} At Tancred's request, Baldwin mustered his troops and hurried to the North.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=122}}{{sfn|Edgington|2019|p=163}} Bertrand of Tripoli, Baldwin II of Edessa and the Armenian rulers also came to fight against Mawdud, who [[Battle of Shaizar (1111)|was compelled to return]] to Mosul in the autumn.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=123}} Shortly thereafter, Baldwin attacked a caravan that was travelling from Tyre to Damascus, carrying with it the city's most precious possessions, and was able to carry off the rich cargo.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=93}} In late November, he laid [[Siege of Tyre (1111–1112)|siege to Tyre]], although he had no supporting fleet.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=93}} He was still besieging the town when a Byzantine embassy arrived.{{sfn|Lilie|1993|p=86}} The Byzantines tried to persuade him to join a coalition against Tancred, while he wanted to secure their assistance against Tyre.{{sfn|Lilie|1993|p=86}} They could not reach a compromise, but Izz al-Mulk, the Egyptian governor of Tyre, persuaded Toghtekin to come to the rescue of the besieged town.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=93–94}} Toghtekin compelled Baldwin to lift the siege and withdraw to Acre in April 1112.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=94}}

[[File:Montreal Castle 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A ruined castle built of stones on a hill|[[Montreal (castle)|Montreal Castle]] (at [[Shoubak]] in [[Jordan]])]]

Baldwin made an incursion against Damascene territory in 1113.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=126}} Mawdud and an Artuqid emir, Ayaz, who came to assist Toghtekin against the crusaders, routed Baldwin in the [[Battle of al-Sannabra]] in late June, forcing him to seek assistance from the new rulers of Tripoli and Antioch, [[Pons of Tripoli|Pons]] and [[Roger of Salerno|Roger]].{{sfn|Edgington|2019|p=163}} Toghtekin, Mawdud and Ayaz invaded Galilee, but they did not risk attacking [[Tiberias]] after the arrival of the troops from Tripoli and Antioch.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=126–127}} Toghtekin and Mawdud returned to Damascus where an [[Order of Assassins|Assassin]] murdered Mawdud in late September.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|p=203}} The Seljuk sultan, [[Muhammad I Tapar]], sent a large army to northern Syria in spring 1115.{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=87}} In an attempt to maintain the equilibrium in the region, Toghtekin soon sought reconciliation with the crusaders.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|p=203}} He made an alliance with the crusader rulers, and their coalition forced the Seljuk troops to withdraw without a fight.{{sfn|Maalouf|1984|p=87}}

With the pressure on the northern regions diminished, Baldwin was able to again deal with the Egyptians, who had already approached Jerusalem in 1113, and made a fresh attempt to capture Jaffa in 1115.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|p=203}} Baldwin led an expedition across the Jordan and ordered the construction of the castle of [[Montreal (castle)|Montreal]] in the autumn of 1115.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=33}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=98}} The following year, he returned to the region and marched as far as [[Aqaba|Akaba]] on the [[Red Sea]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=98}}{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=105}} After the local inhabitants fled from the town, Baldwin constructed castles in the town and on a nearby island and left a garrison in both fortresses.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=98}} The three strongholds—[[Montreal (castle)|Montreal]], Eilat and [[Pharaoh's Island|Graye]]—secured the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|p=98}}{{sfn|Edgington|2019|p=173}} They also enabled Baldwin to continuously survey the movements of the Egyptian troops.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=105}} From the Red Sea coast, Baldwin hastened to Tyre and began the construction of a new fortress, known as [[Scandelion Castle]], at the [[Ladder of Tyre]], which completed the blockade of the town from the mainland.{{sfn|Runciman|1989b|pp=98–99}}{{sfn|Tibble|1989|p=52}}