Editing Attack on Pearl Harbor (section)

===American casualties and damage===
{{multiple image
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 | image1      = The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg
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 | caption1    = ''Arizona'' during the attack
 | image2      = USS Nevada passing seaplane ramp prior to first grounding NARA 80-G-32894.jpg
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 | caption2    = ''Nevada'', on fire and down at the bow, attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached
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 | caption3    = ''West Virginia'' was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack.
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 | caption4    = A destroyed [[Vought SB2U Vindicator|Vindicator]] at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa|Ewa field]], the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor
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Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army prior to the independent [[United States Air Force]] in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 Marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 were wounded.<ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |url=https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/ |title=How many people died at Pearl Harbor during the attack? |website=Pearl Harbor Visitors Bureau |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124953/https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Jennifer |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020725/https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |website=ThoughtCo. Humanities > History & Culture |mode=cs2}}</ref> Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath" |1946 |loc=Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack |pp=[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html#64 64–65]}}</ref> All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non-combatants, given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred.{{sfn|McCaffrey|2004|pp=210–229}}{{sfn|Shepherd|2004|p=57}}

Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}}'s forward [[Gunpowder magazine|magazine]] after she was hit by a modified {{convert|16|in|mm|adj=on}} shell.{{refn|The wreck has become a [[USS Arizona Memorial|memorial]] to those lost that day, most of whom remain within the ship. She continues to leak small amounts of [[fuel oil]], decades after the attack.|group=nb}} Author Craig Nelson wrote that the vast majority of the U.S. sailors killed at Pearl Harbor were junior enlisted personnel. "The officers of the Navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats, so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people", Nelson said. "So everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |title=9 Things You Might Not Know About the Attack on Pearl Harbor |author=Chad Stewart |date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=[[United Service Organizations]] |access-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331220410/https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |url-status=live}}</ref>

Among the notable [[civilian casualties]] were nine [[Honolulu Fire Department]] firefighters who responded to Hickam Field during the bombing in Honolulu, becoming the only fire department members on American soil to be attacked by a foreign power in history. Fireman Harry Tuck Lee Pang of Engine{{spaces}}6 was killed near the hangars by machine-gun fire from a Japanese plane. Captains Thomas Macy and John Carreira of Engine{{spaces}}4 and Engine{{spaces}}1, respectively, died while battling flames inside the hangar after a Japanese bomb crashed through the roof. An additional six firefighters were wounded by Japanese shrapnel. The wounded later received [[Purple Heart]]s (originally reserved for service members [[Wounded in action|wounded]] by enemy action while partaking in armed conflicts) for their peacetime actions that day on June 13, 1944; the three firefighters killed did not receive theirs until December 7, 1984, on the 43rd anniversary of the attack. This made the nine men the only non-military firefighters to receive such an award in American history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |title=Fire History: Dec. 7, 1941: A Day of Infamy And Fire |author=Paul Hashgen |date=November 1, 2011 |publisher=Firehouse |access-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085357/https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |url-status=live}}</ref>

Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, ''Nevada'' attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from {{cvt|250|lb|kg|0}} bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid risking blocking the harbor entrance if she sank there. {{USS|California|BB-44|2}} was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from ''Arizona'' and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}} was drifted down toward her and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed [[target ship]] {{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}} was holed twice by torpedoes. ''West Virginia'' was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}} was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her [[belt armor]], which caused her to capsize. {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}} was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage.

Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser {{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}} was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer {{USS|Oglala|CM-4|2}}. Two destroyers in [[dry dock]], {{USS|Cassin|DD-372|2}} and {{USS|Downes|DD-375|2}}, were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel [[Bunker fuel|bunkers]]. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. ''Cassin'' slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against ''Downes''. The light cruiser {{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}} was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}} was damaged but remained in service. The repair vessel {{USS|Vestal|AR-4|2}}, moored alongside ''Arizona'', was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender ''Curtiss'' was also damaged. The destroyer {{USS|Shaw|DD-373|2}} was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.<ref>{{Harvnb|DANFS ''Shaw''}}</ref>

Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground.<ref name="parillo288" /> Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack,{{sfn|Dorr|Borch|2008}} and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders and 2nd Lieutenants [[Phil Rasmussen|Philip M. Rasmussen]], [[Kenneth M. Taylor]], [[George Welch (pilot)|George S. Welch]], [[Harry W. Brown (pilot)|Harry W. Brown]], and Gordon H. Sterling Jr.{{sfn|Arakaki|1991|loc=ch. IV}}{{sfn|Potter|1982}} Of 33 [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]]s in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed, while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some American planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.{{sfn|Toland|1970|p=235}}

At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.<ref name="ALA">{{Harvnb|Watson|2007|p=[{{Google books|IHb_geGUpFcC|p=592|plainurl=yes}} 592]}}</ref>