Editing Articulatory phonetics (section)

=== Manner of articulation ===
{{main|Manner of articulation}}
Knowing the place of articulation is not enough to fully describe a consonant, the way in which the stricture happens is equally important. Manners of articulation describe how exactly the active articulator modifies, narrows or closes off the vocal tract.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=14}}

[[Stop consonant|Stops]] (also referred to as plosives) are consonants where the airstream is completely obstructed. Pressure builds up in the mouth during the stricture, which is then released as a small burst of sound when the articulators move apart. The velum is raised so that air cannot flow through the nasal cavity. If the velum is lowered and allows for air to flow through the nose, the result in a nasal stop. However, phoneticians almost always refer to nasal stops as just "nasals".{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=14}}[[Affricate consonant|Affricates]] are a sequence of stops followed by a fricative in the same place.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=67}}

[[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]] are consonants where the airstream is made turbulent by partially, but not completely, obstructing part of the vocal tract.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=14}} [[Sibilant]]s are a special type of fricative where the turbulent airstream is directed towards the teeth,{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}} creating a high-pitched hissing sound.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=15}}

[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]] (sometimes referred to as nasal stops) are consonants in which there's a closure in the oral cavity and the velum is lowered, allowing air to flow through the nose.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=102}}

In an [[Approximant consonant|approximant]], the articulators come close together, but not to such an extent that allows a turbulent airstream.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=15}}

[[Lateral consonant|Laterals]] are consonants in which the airstream is obstructed along the center of the vocal tract, allowing the airstream to flow freely on one or both sides.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=15}} Laterals have also been defined as consonants in which the tongue is contracted in such a way that the airstream is greater around the sides than over the center of the tongue.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=182}} The first definition does not allow for air to flow over the tongue.

[[Trill consonant|Trills]] are consonants in which the tongue or lips are set in motion by the airstream.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=175}} The stricture is formed in such a way that the airstream causes a repeating pattern of opening and closing of the soft articulator(s).{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=217}} Apical trills typically consist of two or three periods of vibration.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=218}}

[[Flap consonant|Taps]] and [[Flap consonant|flaps]] are single, rapid, usually [[Apical consonant|apical]] gestures where the tongue is thrown against the roof of the mouth, comparable to a very rapid stop.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=175}} These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but some phoneticians make a distinction.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=230-231}} In a tap, the tongue contacts the roof in a single motion whereas in a flap the tongue moves tangentially to the roof of the mouth, striking it in passing.

During a [[glottalic airstream mechanism]], the glottis is closed, trapping a body of air. This allows for the remaining air in the vocal tract to be moved separately. An upward movement of the closed glottis will move this air out, resulting in it an [[ejective consonant]]. Alternatively, the glottis can lower, sucking more air into the mouth, which results in an [[implosive consonant]].{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Johnson|2011|p=137}}

[[Click consonant|Clicks]] are stops in which tongue movement causes air to be sucked in the mouth, this is referred to as a [[velaric airstream]].{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=78}} During the click, the air becomes [[Rarefaction|rarefied]] between two articulatory closures, producing a loud 'click' sound when the anterior closure is released. The release of the anterior closure is referred to as the click influx. The release of the posterior closure, which can be velar or uvular, is the click efflux. Clicks are used in several African language families, such as the [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]] and [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] languages.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=246-247}}