Editing AppleTalk (section)

===The capital-I Internet===
From the beginning of AppleTalk, users wanted to connect the Macintosh to [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]] network environments. In 1984, Bill Croft at [[Stanford University]] pioneered the development of IP packets encapsulated in DDP as part of the SEAGATE (Stanford Ethernet–AppleTalk Gateway) project. SEAGATE was commercialized by Kinetics in their LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge as an additional routing option. A few years later, [[MacIP]] was separated from the SEAGATE code and became the de facto method for IP packets to be routed over LocalTalk networks. By 1986, Columbia University released the first version of the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) that allowed higher integration of Unix, TCP/IP, and AppleTalk environments. In 1988, Apple released [[MacTCP]], a system that allowed the Mac to support TCP/IP on machines with suitable Ethernet hardware. However, this left many universities with the problem of supporting IP on their many LocalTalk-equipped Macs. It was soon common to include MacIP support in LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridges.{{sfn|Oppenheimer|2004|loc=Slide 36}} MacTCP would not become a standard part of the [[Classic Mac OS]] until 1994,{{sfn|Oppenheimer|2004|loc=Slide 43}} by which time it also supported [[SNMP]] and [[Point-to-Point Protocol|PPP]].

For some time in the early 1990s, the Mac was a primary client on the rapidly expanding Internet.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Among the better-known programs in wide use were Fetch, Eudora, eXodus, NewsWatcher, and the NCSA packages, especially [[NCSA Mosaic]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Calore |first=Michael |title=April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity |language=en-US |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/04/0422mosaic-web-browser/ |access-date=2017-10-14}}</ref> and its offspring, [[Netscape Navigator]].{{sfn|Oppenheimer|2004|loc=Slide 46}} Additionally, a number of server products appeared that allowed the Mac to host Internet content. Through this period, Macs had about 2 to 3 times as many clients connected to the Internet as any other platform,{{sfn|Oppenheimer|2004|loc=Slide 51}}{{third-party inline|date=June 2012}} despite the relatively small overall microcomputer market share.

As the world quickly moved to IP for both LAN and WAN uses, Apple was faced with maintaining two increasingly outdated code bases on an ever-wider group of machines as well as the introduction of the [[PowerPC]]-based machines. This led to the [[Open Transport]] efforts, which re-implemented both MacTCP and AppleTalk on an entirely new code base adapted from the Unix standard [[STREAMS]]. Early versions had problems and did not become stable for some time.{{sfn|Oppenheimer|2004|loc=Slide 54}} By that point, Apple was deep in their ultimately doomed [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] efforts.