Editing Appalachian Mountains (section)

===Taconic Orogeny===
[[File:Taconic orogeny.gif|thumb|Taconic orogeny]]
The Iapetus continued to expand and during that time bacteria, algae, and many species of invertebrates flourished in the oceans, but there were no plants or animals on land. Then, during the middle [[Ordovician Period]] about 500 to 470 million years ago, the motion of the crustal plates changed, and the continents began to move back toward each other. The once-quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring Iapetus oceanic plate containing a volcanic arc collided with and began sinking beneath the [[North American craton]]. Volcanoes grew along the continental margin coincident with the initiation of [[subduction]]. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As the mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down over time. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Sandra H. B. |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/birth/birth.pdf |title=Birth of the Mountains: The Geologic Story of the Southern Appalachian Mountains |publisher=United States Geologic Survey |year=1996}}</ref>  The Taconic orogeny ended after about 60 million years, but built much of the land mass that is now New England and southwestward to Pennsylvania.

The Taconic Orogeny was the second of four mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see [[Alleghanian orogeny]]).<ref name="usgs">{{Cite web |url=http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/appalach.html |title=Geologic Provinces of the United States: Appalachian Highlands Province |publisher=USGS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311111217/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/appalach.html |archive-date=March 11, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2010}}</ref>