Editing Aphasia (section)

==== Classical-localizationist approaches ====
[[File:Brain - Broca's and Wernicke's area Diagram.svg|thumb|Cortex]]
Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most probably gave rise to them.<ref name="Goodglass, H. 2001">Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Barresi, B. (2001). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref><ref>Kertesz, A. (2006). Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.</ref> Inspired by the early work of nineteenth-century neurologists [[Paul Broca]] and [[Carl Wernicke]], these approaches identify two major subtypes of aphasia and several more minor subtypes:
* [[Expressive aphasia]] (also known as "motor aphasia" or "Broca's aphasia"), which is characterized by halted, fragmented, effortful speech, but well-preserved comprehension ''relative to expression''. Damage is typically in the anterior portion of the left hemisphere,<ref name="Common Classifications of Aphasia">{{Cite web|title = Common Classifications of Aphasia|url = http://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Aphasia/Common-Classifications-of-Aphasia/|website = www.asha.org|access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref> most notably [[Broca's area]]. Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have [[hemiplegia|right-sided weakness]] or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the left frontal lobe is also important for body movement, particularly on the right side.
* [[Receptive aphasia]] (also known as "sensory aphasia" or "Wernicke's aphasia"), which is characterized by fluent speech, but marked difficulties understanding words and sentences. Although fluent, the speech may lack in key substantive words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), and may contain incorrect words or even nonsense words. This subtype has been associated with damage to the posterior left temporal cortex, most notably Wernicke's area. These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.
* [[Conduction aphasia]], where speech remains fluent, and comprehension is preserved, but the person may have disproportionate difficulty repeating words or sentences. Damage typically involves the [[arcuate fasciculus]] and the left parietal region.<ref name="Common Classifications of Aphasia" />
* [[Transcortical motor aphasia]] and [[transcortical sensory aphasia]], which are similar to Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia respectively, but the ability to repeat words and sentences is disproportionately preserved.

Recent classification schemes adopting this approach, such as the Boston-Neoclassical Model,<ref name="Goodglass, H. 2001" /> also group these classical aphasia subtypes into two larger classes: the nonfluent aphasias (which encompasses Broca's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia) and the fluent aphasias (which encompasses Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia). These schemes also identify several further aphasia subtypes, including: [[anomic aphasia]], which is characterized by a selective difficulty finding the names for things; and [[global aphasia]], where both expression and comprehension of speech are severely compromised.

Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional, more "pure" forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language skill.<ref name="KolbWhishaw1">{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of human neuropsychology|author1=Kolb, Bryan|author2=Whishaw, Ian Q.|publisher=Worth|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7167-5300-1|location=[New York]|pages=502–504|oclc=464808209}}<!-- The whole paragraph "fluent, non-fluent and pure aphasias" is written with help of this reference.--></ref> For example, in [[pure alexia]], a person may be able to write, but not read, and in [[pure word deafness]], they may be able to produce speech and to read, but not understand speech when it is spoken to them.