Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

====Hostility between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa====
The Banu Qaynuqa were expelled from Medina in 624 CE. In March 624 CE, Muslims led by Muhammad defeated the [[Mecca]]ns of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Banu Quraysh]] tribe in the [[Battle of Badr]]. Ibn Ishaq writes that a dispute broke out between the Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa (the allies of the [[Khazraj]] tribe) soon afterwards. When a Muslim woman visited a jeweler's shop in the Qaynuqa marketplace, she was pestered to uncover her hair. The goldsmith, a Jew, pinned her clothing such that, upon getting up, she was stripped naked. A Muslim man coming upon the resulting commotion killed the shopkeeper in retaliation. A mob of Jews from the Qaynuqa tribe then pounced on the Muslim man and killed him. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa.<ref name="Ishaq1">Guillaume 363, Stillman 122, ibn Kathir 2</ref>

[[Historiography of early Islam|Traditional Islamic sources]] view these episodes as a violation of the Constitution of Medina.<ref name="Ishaq1"/> Muhammad himself regarded this as ''[[casus belli]]''. However, [[Islamic studies|Western scholars and historians]] do not find in these events the underlying reason for Muhammad's attack on the Qaynuqa.<ref name="Watt 1956, p. 209">Watt (1956), p. 209.</ref> Fred Donner argues that Muhammad turned against the Banu Qaynuqa because as artisans and traders, the latter were in close contact with Meccan merchants.<ref>Donner, Fred M.. "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1979.tb03388.x Muhammad's Political Consolidation in Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca]". Muslim World 69: 229–247, 1979.</ref> Weinsinck views the episodes cited by the Muslim historians used to justify their expulsion, such as a Jewish goldsmith humiliating a Muslim woman, as having no more than anecdotal value. He writes that the Jews had assumed a contentious attitude towards Muhammad, and as a group possessing substantial independent power, they posed a great danger. Wensinck thus concludes that Muhammad, strengthened by the victory at the [[Battle of Badr]], soon resolved to eliminate the Jewish opposition to himself.<ref>Wensinck, A. J. "Kaynuka, banu". Encyclopaedia of Islam</ref> [[Norman Stillman]] also believes that Muhammad decided to move against the Jews of Medina after being strengthened in the wake of the Battle of Badr.<ref>Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8276-0198-0}}</ref>

Muhammad then approached the Banu Qaynuqa, gathering them in the market place and warned them to stop their hostility lest they suffer the same fate that happened to the Quraish at Badr. He also told them to accept Islam saying he was a prophet sent by God as per their scriptures. The tribe responded by mocking Muhammad's followers for accepting him as a prophet and also mocked their victory at Badr saying the Quraish had no knowledge of war. They then warned him that if he ever fought with them, he will know that they were real men.<ref name="Ishaq363">Guillaume 363</ref> This response was viewed as a declaration of war.<ref name="NomMu">Nomani 90–91, al-Mubarakpuri 239</ref> Muhammad then besieged the Banu Qaynuqa<ref name= "Stillman 123">Stillman 123</ref> after which the tribe surrendered unconditionally and were later expelled from Medina.<ref name="Ishaq2">Guillaume 363, Stillman 123</ref>

In 625 CE, the Banu Nadir tribe was evicted from [[Medina]] after they attempted to assassinate Muhammad.<ref name="Halabi">{{cite book|last=al-Halabi|first=Nur al-Din|title=Sirat-i-Halbiyyah |publisher=Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband | volume = 2, part 10 |location= Uttar Pradesh |page= 34 }} Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.</ref><ref name="BanuNadir">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Vacca, V. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title=Nadir, Banu 'l|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> In 627 CE, when the [[Quraysh]] and their allies besieged the city in the [[Battle of the Trench]], the Qurayza initially tried to remain neutral but eventually entered into negotiations with the besieging army, violating [[Constitution of Medina|the pact they had agreed to years earlier]].<ref name="Destiny Disrupted">{{cite book|title=Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes|url=https://archive.org/details/destinydisrupted00ansa_0|url-access=registration|first=Tamim|last=Ansary|year=2009|publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=9781586486068}}</ref> Subsequently, the tribe was charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by Muhammad.<ref name="Peterson">Peterson, ''Muhammad: the prophet of God'', p. 125-127.</ref><ref name="Ramadan140">Ramadan, ''In the Footsteps of the Prophet'', p. 140f.</ref> The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered and their men were beheaded.<ref name="Peterson"/><ref name="Ramadan140"/><ref>Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam'', vol. 1, p. 191.</ref><ref name="Brown, p. 81">Brown, ''A New Introduction to Islam'', p. 81.</ref><ref name="Lings229">Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', p. 229-233.</ref> The spoils of battle, including the enslaved women and children of the tribe, were divided up among the companions that had participated in the siege and among the [[Muhajirun|emigrees from Mecca]] who had hitherto depended on the help of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Muslims native to Medina]]. Although the Banu Qurayza never took up arms against Muhammad or the Muslims, they entered into negotiations with the invading army and violated the Constitution of Medina. However, Nuam ibn Masud was able to sow discord between the invading forces and Banu Qurayza, thus breaking down the negotiations.<ref name= "Stillman 13">See e.g. Stillman, p. 13.</ref><ref name= "Guillalume458">Guillaume, p. 458f.</ref><ref name= "Ramadan143">Ramadan, p. 143.</ref>