Editing Anticosti Island (section)

==Flora==
Every summer from 1924 to 1928, Brothers [[Marie-Victorin Kirouac|Marie-Victorin]] and [[Rolland-Germain Ecological Reserve|Rolland-Germain]] explored the Anticosti-Minganie, the two [http://Botany botanists] made many discoveries, including Sececio pseudo-arnica var. rollandii or Senecio rollandii as well as the Mingan thistle Cirsium minganense and Botrychium minganense. The botanists explored the coasts of Anticosti Island aboard a refurbished old [[fishing vessel]], the Virginia.<ref name="Marie-Victorin, The boom years (1920-1934), Travels and discoveries">{{cite web |title=Marie-Victorin,  The boom years (1920-1934), Travels and discoveries |url=https://archives.umontreal.ca/exposition/mv/faste_voyage.htm |publisher=University of Montreal ,  Archives Divisions |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=fr |quote=The discovery of Cirsium fills them with joy: a new type of thistle, which the two brothers would never have thought they could find on the edge of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.}}</ref>

The archives of the University of Montreal present on Flickr: Anticosti, a land of immense spaces, the sea all around and a social world of the 1920s gone forever, series of photos by Marie-Victorin: Brother Kirouac (1885-1944).<ref name="Anticosti through the eyes of Brother Marie-Victorin">{{cite web |title=Anticosti through the eyes of Brother Marie-Victorin |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/dgda/albums/72157644711578566/with/14231437334 |publisher=Archives of the University of Montreal |access-date=21 September 2024 |quote=Vauréal River, Pointe de l'Est, Rivière des Caps, Potato River, Asad Boudreau holding two salmon, Cape Henri, etc.}}</ref>

In 2004, the island's vascular flora was estimated at 700 species.<ref name="Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Eric Savard |title=Rare plants to discover at Anticosti National Park |url=https://www.sepaq.com/parcs-quebec/blogue/article.dot?id=6826378d-d161-4294-ab49-c66ad82dd731 |website=The Society of Outdoor Establishments of Quebec |publisher=Sepaq |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=fr |date=30 April 2013 |quote=It is in the canyons of the Vauréal, Observation and Chicotte rivers that we encounter the most species with a precarious status in the park.}}</ref> Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago,<ref name="Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago">{{cite web |author1=Line Couillard |author2=Pierre Grondin |title=Rare Plants of the Mingan Archipelago |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/plants/mingan-rare-plants.pdf |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=5 August 2024 |pages=84 |date=3 January 2023 |quote=Brother Marie-Victorin, founder of the Montreal Botanical Gardens, explored the area from 1924 to 1928. He was accompanied by Brother RollandGermain. Their work made the scientific community aware of the enormous interest of this calcareous archipelago.}}</ref> Parks Canada 2023, said that nearly a tenth of Anticosti Island's flora are rare plants, most of which colonize open habitats associated with rivers ([[Cliff|cliffs]], [[Scree|taluses]] or [[pebble|pebbled]] surfaces) and [[Bog|mineral bogs]].<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park" /><ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec">{{cite web |title=Network of protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/ |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=The Register of Protected Areas in Quebec constitutes a unique and integrated reference for Quebec in terms of protected areas, both within the meaning of the Natural Heritage Conservation Act and the recommendations of the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN).}}</ref>
Anticosti Island is home to the rare orchid, [[Cypripedium arietinum |Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.]]  —  Cypripède tête-de-bélier.  —  (Ram's Head Lady's Slipper).<ref name="Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f.">{{cite web |title=Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f. |url=https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/arietinum/ |publisher=North American Orchid Conservation Center |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=2011 |quote=...has a limited distribution across northeastern and central Canada and the U.S., from Quebec to Wisconsin.}}</ref> While populations are declining elsewhere in eastern North America, the orchid flourishes here abundantly, making Anticosti a refuge for this plant.

<gallery widths="200" mode="packed" caption="Flora on the island, overview">
File:Cypripedium arietinum - Flickr 003.jpg|[[Cypripedium arietinum]] Ait. f.
File:EtangCastor.jpg|[[Taiga|Boreal forest]]
File:Pinguicula_vulgaris_002.jpg|[[Pinguicula vulgaris|Pinguicula vulgaris L.]] — Grassette vulgaire. — (Common butterwort). [[Carnivorous plant]], Mc Donald River<ref name="Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season - map">{{cite web |title=Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season |url=https://www.sepaq.com/resources/docs/sepaq-anticosti/cartes-chasse/san_chasse_secteur_mcdonald-carte-1.pdf |publisher=Sépaq |access-date=1 August 2024 |date=2017 |quote=McDonald's River sector: map: 540.62 km², integrates geographic information from government sources}}</ref><ref name="McDonald River - toponymy">{{cite web |title=McDonald River |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=367372 |website=Gouvernement of Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=9 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2001-08-22 |quote=Peter McDonald lived for over 30 years at the mouth of this river.}}</ref> bank
</gallery>
<gallery widths="160" mode="packed" heights="200" caption="Flora on the island, overview">
File:Dryas_drummondii_950707_18a.jpg|[[Dryas drummondii]] Richardson. – Dryade de Drummond. – (Drummond's mountain-avens),  Trans-Anticosti Route,<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park">{{cite web |author1=Jean Boisclair, project manager |title=Master plan - Anticosti National Park |url=https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/parcs/documents/PL_directeur_Anticosti.pdf |website=Quebec Gouvernement |publisher=Quebec Wildlife and Parks Society |pages=43 of 52 |language=fr |date=March 2004 |quote=The abundance of wildlife, the particularities and the diversity of flora as well as the character of the coastal landscapes make this island one of the most beautiful natural sites in Quebec}}</ref> km 144, secteur [[Vaureal Formation|Vauréal]]
File:Draba incana 014.jpg|[[Draba incana]] L. — Drave blanchâtre. — (Twisted whitlow grass), [[pebble|pebbles]] and [[limestone]] rocks, shore at Baie-Sainte-Claire<ref name="Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement">{{cite web |author1=Louis-Edmond Hamelin |author2=Benoît Dumont |title=Anticosti: the regional aspect of the settlement |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cgq/1979-v23-n60-cgq2633/021449ar.pdf |publisher=Quebec geography notebooks |access-date=6 August 2024 |pages=16 |language=fr |quote=In addition to the sea, three main ecumene: punctual sites around the edge (Baie-du-Renard), the western end (Anse-aux-Fraises and Baie-Sainte-Claire) and, at the South West,}}</ref>
File:Orchis_rotundifolia_004.jpg|[[Galearis rotundifolia|Orchis rotundifolia]] Banks. — Orchis à feuille ronde. — (Small Round-leaved Orchid), Mc Donald River bank<ref name="Sépaq Anticosti Deer hunting - 2018 season - map" />
</gallery>
The forests of Anticosti Island are typical [[boreal forest]],  with common species such as White spruce, Balsam fir, and Black spruce. It is distinguished by some minor stands of American white birch and Trembling aspen.
*[[Picea glauca]] (Moench) Voss. — Épicéa glauque. — Épinette blanche. — (White spruce).
* [[Abies balsamea]] (Linné)  Miller. — Sapin baumier. — Sapin. — (Balsam fir).
* [[Picea mariana]] (Miller) BSP. — Épicéa marial. — Épinette noire. — (Black spruce).
* [[Betula papyrifera]] Marshall. — Bouleau à papier. — Bouleau blanc, Bouleau à [[canoe|canot]]. — (Canoë birch, American white birch).
* [[Populus tremuloides]] Michaux. — Peuplier faux-tremble. — Tremble. — (Aspen).

Balsam fir is slowly being replaced with White spruce because of intensive grazing done by White tail deer and by periodic outbreaks of [[Lambdina fiscellaria|Hemlock looper]] and [[Spruce budworm]]. <ref name="IA-geo"/><ref name="Réserve de biodiversité projetée d’Anticosti - Conservation plan">{{cite web |author1=Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs |title=Réserve de biodiversité projetée d’Anticosti - Conservation plan |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/reserves-bio/anticosti/psc-anticosti-en.pdf |website=Quebec strategy for protected areas |access-date=30 July 2024 |pages=11 of 29 |date=August 2020 |quote=Very few surveys of rare, threatened, or vulnerable plant species have been conducted in the proposed reserve.}}</ref> About a quarter of the island is covered by [[peat]] lands.<ref name="Conservation bulletin of Quebec national parks 2011">{{cite web |author1=Marie-Claude Provost |author2=Catalina Bonilla |title=Conservation bulletin of Quebec national parks 2011 |url=https://www.sepaq.com/dotAsset/e60ece28-34c1-44c0-97de-9965c968dc46.pdf |publisher=SEPAQ |access-date=5 August 2024 |pages=12 of 52 |date=28 October 2011 |quote=Bioacoustics: a tool for monitoring wildlife diversity, Anticosti National Park, inventory}}</ref>