Editing Anger (section)

==Causes==
Some animals make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare.<ref name="Primate">Primate Ethology, 1967, Desmond Morris (Ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson Publishers: London, p. 55</ref> The behaviors associated with anger are designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior. Rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants.<ref name="Primate" /> [[Affect display|Displays]] of anger can be used as a [[psychological manipulation|manipulation]] strategy for [[social influence]].<ref name="Sutton1" /><ref name="Hochschild1" />

People feel really angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are convinced someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or [[Coping (psychology)|cope]] with it.<ref>International Handbook of Anger. p. 290</ref> For instance, if a person's car is damaged, they will feel angry if someone else did it (e.g. another driver rear-ended it), but will feel sadness instead if it was caused by situational forces (e.g. a hailstorm) or guilt and shame if they were personally responsible (e.g. they crashed into a wall out of momentary carelessness). Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham defines anger in terms of our expectations and assumptions about the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Michael C. |title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment |date=2014 |publisher=Outskirts Press |isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref> Graham states anger almost always results when we are caught up "...{{nbsp}}expecting the world to be different than it is".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Michael C. |title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment |date=2014 |publisher=Outskirts Press |page=73 |isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref>

Usually, those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them" and in most cases the described provocations occur immediately before the anger experience. Such explanations confirm the illusion that anger has a discrete external cause. The angry person usually finds the cause of their anger in an intentional, personal, and controllable aspect of another person's behavior. This explanation is based on the intuitions of the angry person who experiences a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability as a result of their emotion. Anger can be of multicausal origin, some of which may be remote events, but people rarely find more than ''one'' cause for their anger.<ref name="EncPsy"/> According to Novaco, "Anger experiences are embedded or nested within an environmental-temporal context. Disturbances that may not have involved anger at the outset leave residues that are not readily recognized but that operate as a lingering backdrop for focal provocations (of anger)."<ref name="EncPsy"/> According to Encyclopædia Britannica, an internal [[infection]] can cause [[pain]] which in turn can activate anger.<ref name="Britannica11">"emotion". [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, p. 11</ref> According to [[cognitive dissonance|cognitive consistency]] theory, anger is caused by an inconsistency between a desired, or expected, situation and the actually perceived situation, and triggers responses, such as [[aggression|aggressive behavior]], with the expected consequence of reducing the inconsistency.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebb|first=D.O.|title=The Organisation of Behavior|publisher=Wiley|year=1949|location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Archer |first=J. |chapter=The organization of aggression and fear in vertebrates |year=1976 |editor1-first=P.P.G. |editor1-last=Bateson |editor2-first=P.H. |editor2-last=Klopfer |title=Perspectives in Ethology (Vol.2) |pages=231–298 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Plenum }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = van Kampen | first = H.S. | year = 2019 | title = The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour | doi = 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013 | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 159 | pages = 42–54 | pmid = 30562561 | s2cid = 56478466 }}</ref> Sleep deprivation also seems to be a cause of anger.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why We Sleep|last=Walker|first=Matthew}}</ref>