Editing Andromeda (mythology) (section)

== In the performing arts ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline of Andromeda's appearance in different art forms
|-
! Period !! Story !! [[Visual arts]] !! [[Theatre]] !! [[Opera]] !! [[Poetry]] !! [[Film]]
|-
| [[Classical antiquity]] || [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]]; [[Ovid]] and others; myths of [[Heracles]] and [[Hesione]]; [[Jason]] and [[Medea]]; [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]]; [[Theseus]] and [[Ariadne]] || [[Red-figure pottery|Painted vases]], [[fresco]]es, [[mosaic]]s || [[Sophocles]], [[Euripides]] (both lost); [[Aristophanes]] ([[parody]]) || <!--Opera--> || <!--Poetry--> || <!--Film-->
|-
| [[Middle Ages]] || [[Saint George and the Dragon]] || [[Paolo Uccello]] || <!--Theatre--> || <!--Opera--> || <!--Poetry--> || 
|-
| 16th century || <!--Story--> || [[Piero di Cosimo]]; [[Titian]] || <!--Theatre--> || <!--Opera--> || <!--Poetry--> || 
|-
| 17th century || <!--Story--> || [[Giuseppe Cesari]]; [[Peter Paul Rubens]]; [[Rembrandt]] || [[Lope de Vega]]; [[Pierre Corneille]] verse play; [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]] || [[Claudio Monteverdi]]; [[Benedetto Ferrari]] 1st opera open to public; [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] || [[Ludovico Ariosto]] {{lang|it|[[Orlando Furioso]]}} || 
|-
| 18th century || <!--Story--> || [[François Boucher]]<!--; [[François Lemoyne]]--> || <!--Theatre--> || 17 Andromeda operas in Italy || [[George Chapman]] {{lang|it|Andromeda liberata}} [[allegory]] for a society wedding || 
|-
| 19th century || [[Herman Melville]] ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (chs 55, 82); [[Jules Laforgue]] satirical || [[Frederic, Lord Leighton]]; [[Edward Poynter]]; [[Gustave Doré]] || <!--Theatre--> || <!--Opera--> || [[John Keats]] ''On the Sonnet''; [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]] sonnet; [[Charles Kingsley]] free verse || 
|-
| 20th–21st centuries || [[Iris Murdoch]] ''[[The Sea, The Sea]]'' || [[Félix Vallotton]] satirical; [[Alexander Liberman]] non-figurative || <!--Theatre--> || <!--Opera--> || <!--Poetry--> || ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' 1981, its [[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|2010 remake]], and the 2012 ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]''
|}

=== In theatre ===

The theme, well suited to the stage,<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> was introduced to theatre by [[Sophocles]] in his lost [[Greek tragedy|tragedy]] ''Andromeda'' (5th century BC), which survives only in fragments. [[Euripides]] took up the theme in his [[Andromeda (play)|play of the same name]] (412 BC), also now lost, but [[Parody|parodied]] by [[Aristophanes]] in his [[Ancient Greek comedy|comedy]] {{transliteration|grc|[[Thesmophoriazusae]]}} (411 BC) and influential in the ancient world. In the parody, Mnesilochus is shaved and dressed as a woman to gain entrance to the [[Thesmophoria|women's secret rites]], held in honour of the fertility goddess [[Demeter]]. Euripides swoops mock-heroically across the stage as Perseus on a theatrical crane, trying and failing to rescue Mnesilochus, who responds by acting out the role of Andromeda.<ref name="Sfyroeras 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sfyroeras |first1=Pavlos |title=Πóθος Εὐριπíδου: Reading "Andromeda" in Aristophanes' "Frogs" |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=2008 |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=299–317 |doi=10.1353/ajp.0.0014 |jstor=27566713 |s2cid=161684940 }}</ref>

The legend of Perseus and Andromeda became popular among playwrights in the 17th century, including [[Lope de Vega]]'s 1621 {{lang|es|El Perseo}},<ref name="Martin 1931"/> and [[Pierre Corneille]]'s famous<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> 1650 [[Verse drama and dramatic verse|verse play]] {{lang|fr|[[Andromède]]}}, with dramatic stage machinery effects, including Perseus astride [[Pegasus]] as he battles the sea monster. The play, a {{lang|fr|pièce à machines}}, presented to King [[Louis XIV]] of France and performed by the {{lang|fr|Comédiens du Roi}}, the royal troupe, had enormous and lasting success, continuing in production until 1660, to Corneille's surprise.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/><ref name="Williams 2007"/> The production was a radical departure from the tradition of French theatre, based in part on the Italian tradition of operas about Andromeda; it was semi-operatic, with many songs, set to music by [[Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy|D'Assouci]], alongside the stage scenery by the Italian painter [[Giacomo Torelli]]. Corneille chose to present Andromeda fully-clothed, supposing that her nakedness had been merely a painterly tradition; Knutson comments that in so doing, "he unintentionally broke the last link with the early erotic myth."<ref name="Knutson 1992"/>

[[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]'s 1653 {{lang|es|Las Fortunas de Perseo y Andrómeda}} was also inspired by Corneille,<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> and like {{lang|es|El Perseo}} was heavily embellished with the playwrights' inventions and traditional additions.<ref name="Martin 1931">{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Henry M. |title=The Perseus Myth in Lope de Vega and Calderon With Some Reference to Their Sources |journal=Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |volume=46 |issue=2 |year=1931 |issn=0030-8129 |doi=10.2307/458043 |pages=450–460|jstor=458043 |s2cid=163848591 }}</ref><!-- Another production of the period was [[John Weaver (dancer)|John Weaver]]'s 1716 ''Perseus and Andromeda'', a [[Pantomime|pantomimic entertainment]].-->

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="250px" heights="250px">
File:Set design Act2 of Andromède by P Corneille 1650 - Gallica 2010.jpg|Set design for [[Pierre Corneille]]'s 1650 {{lang|fr|[[Andromède]]}}, noted for its stage effects: Act 2, where [[Aeolus]] and eight winds lift Andromeda into the clouds, with thunder and lightning<ref name="Williams 2007"/>
File:Set design Act3 of Andromède by P Corneille 1650 - Gallica 2010.jpg|{{lang|fr|Andromède}}, Act 3, where Perseus, riding Pegasus, rescues a fully-clothed Andromeda from the sea monster<ref name="Williams 2007"/>
</gallery>

The Andromeda theme was explored later in works such as<!-- [[James Planché]] and [[Charles Dance (playwright)|Charles Dance's]] [[Victorian burlesque]], ''The Deep deep sea, or Perseus and Andromeda; an original mythological, aquatic, equestrian [[burletta]] in one act'' (1857);--> [[Muriel Stuart]]'s [[closet drama]] ''Andromeda Unfettered'' (1922), featuring: Andromeda, "the spirit of woman"; Perseus, "the new spirit of man"; a chorus of "women who desire the old thrall"; and a chorus of "women who crave the new freedom".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stuart |first1=Muriel |title=Andromeda Unfettered |url=https://verse.press/poem/andromeda-unfettered-2972 |publisher=Verse Press |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><!-- and [[William Brough (writer)|William Brough's]] [[Victorian burlesque]] ''Perseus and Andromeda, or, The Maid and the Monster: A Classical Extravaganza'' (1861).-->

=== In music and opera ===

The Andromeda theme has been popular in classical music since the 17th century. It became a theme for [[opera]] from the 16th century, with an ''Andromeda'' in Italy in 1587<!--must have been a private production-->.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> This was followed by [[Claudio Monteverdi]]'s ''Andromeda'' (1618–1620).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=Albi |title=Monteverdi's 'Andromeda': A Lost Libretto Found |journal=Music & Letters |date=January 1985 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1093/ml/66.1.1 |jstor=855431}}</ref> [[Benedetto Ferrari]]'s ''Andromeda'', with music by [[Francesco Manelli]], was the first opera performed in a public theatre, [[Venice]]'s [[Teatro San Cassiano]], in 1637.<ref>''L'Andromeda'', Antonio Bariletti, Venice, 1637, p. 3.</ref> This set the pattern for Italian opera for several centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bianconi |first=Lorenzo |title=Music in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1987 |location=Cambridge |page=183 |quote=the Venetian-type theatre{{nbsp}}[...] comes to represent something of an economic and architectural prototype for Italy and Europe as a whole. At least architecturally, this prototype still survives essentially unchanged...}}</ref><ref name="Rosand 1990">{{cite book |last1=Rosand |first1=Ellen |title=Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice |date=1990 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3199n7sm&chunk.id=d0e3339&toc.id=d0e3339&brand=ucpress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231173724/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3199n7sm&chunk.id=d0e3339&toc.id=d0e3339&brand=ucpress |archive-date=31 December 2022 |chapter=3 ''Da rappresentare in musica'': The Rise of Commercial Opera}}</ref>

[[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]'s {{lang|fr|[[Persée (Lully)|Persée]]}} (1682), a [[tragédie lyrique]] in 5 acts, was inspired by the popularity of Corneille's play.<ref name="Williams 2007">{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Wes |title='For Your Eyes Only': Corneille's View of Andromeda |journal=Classical Philology |date=January 2007 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=110–123 |doi=10.1086/521136 |s2cid=162104879 }}</ref> The libretto was by [[Philippe Quinault]], and a real horse appeared on stage as Pegasus.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> {{lang|fr|Persée}} saw an initial run of 33 consecutive performances, 45 in total, exceptional at that time.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> Written for King Louis XIV, it has been described as Lully's "greatest creation{{nbsp}}[...] considered the crowning achievement of 17th century French music theatre. Filled with dancing, fight scenes, monsters and special effects{{nbsp}}[...] [a] truly spectacular opera".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean-Baptiste Lully: Persée |url=https://www.euroarts.com/tv-license/5417-jean-baptiste-lully-persee |publisher=[[EuroArts]] |access-date=31 December 2022 |id=Prog. No. 5417}}</ref> Michael Haydn wrote the music for another in 1797.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/> A total of seventeen Andromeda operas were created in Italy in the 18th century.<ref name="Knutson 1992"/>

Other classical works have taken a variety of forms including {{lang|it|[[Andromeda Liberata]]}} (1726), a [[pasticcio]]-[[Serenade|serenata]] on the subject of Perseus freeing Andromeda, by a team of composers including [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Michael |title=[Review] Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Serenata Veneziana - Andromeda Liberata |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/Jan05/vivaldi_andromeda.htm |website=Music Web International |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> <!--{{ill|Louis Antoine Lefebvre|fr}}'s {{lang|fr|Andromède}} (possibly 1762), a cantata for solo voice and orchestra,<ref name="Lefebvre 1762"/> --> and [[Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf]]'s [[Symphony]] in F (''Perseus' Rescue of Andromeda'') and Symphony in D (''The Petrification of Phineus and his Friends''), Nos. 4 and 5 of his ''Symphonies after Ovid's Metamorphoses'' ({{c.|1781}}).

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" widths="180px" heights="250px">
File:Benedetto Ferrari Andromeda 1637.jpg|The world's first publicly performed opera, [[Benedetto Ferrari]]'s ''Andromeda'', 1637
File:Teatro San Cassiano reimagined.jpg|Reconstruction of the inauguration of [[Venice]]'s [[Teatro San Cassiano]] in 1637 with ''Andromeda''
File:Jean-Baptiste Lully - Persée - title page of the score - Paris 1682.png|Title page of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]'s 1682 {{lang|fr|[[Persée (Lully)|Persée]]}} in 5 acts
<!--File:Andromède cantatille à voix seule Louis Lefebvre music start.jpg|First sheet of music for Louis Lefebvre's 1762? {{lang|fr|Andromède, cantatille à voix seule}}<ref name="Lefebvre 1762">Lefebvre, Louis. 1762? ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9057726h/f2.item Andromède, cantatille à voix seule]'', Paris. The start of the cantatille can be heard [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MWSh66Uktw on YouTube].</ref>-->
</gallery>

In the 19th century, [[Augusta Holmès]] composed the [[symphonic poem]] {{lang|fr|Andromède}} (1883).<!-- In the 20th century, [[Jose Antonio Bottiroli]] composed ''Andrómeda'', ''Micro-sorrow I in D minor B96'' for piano (1984).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banegas |first1=Fabio |title=Jose Antonio Bottiroli Vol. II - Complete Piano Works |date=2017 |publisher=Golden River Music |location=The Library of Congress (LC) |page=127|edition=First |ismn=979-0-3655-2418-1 |url=https://www.goldenrivermusic.eu/en/shop/product/1552-obras-completas-para-piano-complete-piano-works-volume-ii |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>--> In 2019, [[Caroline Mallonée]] wrote her ''Portraits of Andromeda'' for [[cello]] and [[string orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.wbfo.org/post/buffalo-composer-puts-andromeda-constellation-myth-and-meteors-music|title = A Buffalo composer puts Andromeda—constellation, myth and meteors—to music|date = 2 May 2019}}</ref>

In popular music, the theme is employed in tracks on [[Weyes Blood]]'s 2019 album ''[[Titanic Rising]]'' and on [[Ensiferum]]'s 2020 album ''[[Thalassic]]''.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/jgF38ZQJAPU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200617172923/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgF38ZQJAPU&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgF38ZQJAPU| title = Ensiferum - Andromeda (OFFICIAL VIDEO) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 June 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== In film ===

{{multiple image
|image1=Alexa davalos 2016 1.jpg
|caption1=[[Alexa Davalos]] (''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'', 2010)
|width1=100
|image2=Rosamund Pike in Stockholm 2012.jpg
|caption2=[[Rosamund Pike]] (''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'', 2012)
|width2=101
|caption_align=center
|footer=Actresses who have portrayed Andromeda in 21st century cinema. Historian [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] and artist [[Kimathi Donkor]] have criticized casting white actors to portray Andromeda.<ref name="Gates 2014" /><ref name="Donkor 2020"/>
}}

The 1981 film ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' is loosely based on the story of Perseus, Andromeda, and Cassiopeia. In the film the monster is a [[kraken]], a giant squid-like sea monster in [[Norse mythology]], rather than the whale-like Cetos of Greek mythology. Perseus defeats the sea monster by showing it Medusa's face to turn it into stone, rather than by using his magical sword, and rides Pegasus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gloyn |first1=Liz |author-link=Liz Gloyn |title='The Dragon-Green, the Luminous, the Dark, the Serpent-Haunted Sea': Monsters, Landscape and Gender In ''Clash of the Titans'' (1981 and 2010) |journal=New Voices in Classical Reception Studies Conference Proceedings |date=2012 |volume=1 |pages=64–75 |url=https://fass.open.ac.uk/sites/fass.open.ac.uk/files/files/new-voices-journal/proceedings/volume1/Gloyn-2013.pdf}}</ref> The [[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|2010 remake with the same title]], adapts the original story. Andromeda is set to be sacrificed to the kraken but is saved by Perseus. The historian and filmmaker [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] criticizes both the original film and its remake for using white actresses to portray the Ethiopian princess Andromeda. The 1981 film uses the blonde [[Judi Bowker]]; the 2010 remake uses the brunette [[Alexa Davalos]]. Gates, noting that Andromeda was a black Aethiopian, writes that "their Andromedas appear to satisfy [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s idea for a perfect match for Perseus".<ref name="Gates 2014">{{cite web |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis Jr. |author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |title=Was Andromeda Black? |website=The Root |date=17 Feb 2014 |url=https://www.theroot.com/was-andromeda-black-1790874592 }}</ref> A third film, the 2012 ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'', repeated the white Andromeda trope by casting the English actress [[Rosamund Pike]] in the role. Kimathi Donkor comments that none of the three films provide any "hint of the disruptive racial dilemma posed by the classical setting of Ethiopia",<ref name="Donkor 2020">{{cite book |last=Donkor |first=Kimathi |chapter=Africana Andromeda: Contemporary Painting and the Classical Black Figure |editor1-last=Moyer |editor1-first=Ian S. |editor2-last=Lecznar |editor2-first=Adam |editor3-last=Morse |editor3-first=Heidi |title=Classicisms in the Black Atlantic |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-185178-0 |page=173 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Classicisms_in_the_Black_Atlantic/RZjFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> preferring instead to continue the Western art tradition of "a hegemonic white visual space denying Ovid's mythography of black beauty."<ref name="Donkor 2020"/>
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