Editing Ancient philosophy (section)

==Ancient Iranian philosophy==
[[File:Sanzio 01 Zoroaster Ptolmey.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Zarathustra as depicted in [[Raphael]]'s [[The School of Athens]] beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter [[Apelles of Kos]].]]
{{Main article|Iranian philosophy}}
See also: ''[[Dualistic cosmology|Dualism]], [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)]]''

While there are ancient relations between the Indian [[Vedas]] and the Iranian [[Avesta]], the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of [[human rights]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] as understood in the [[Cyrus cylinder]] is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by [[Zarathustra]] and developed in [[Zoroastrian]] schools of thought of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Era]] of [[Iranian history]].<ref>Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</ref><ref>Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</ref>

===Schools of thought===
Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in [[Middle Persian]] and of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in [[Avestan language]]. Among these are treatises such as the [[Shikand-gumanic Vichar]] by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of [[Denkard]], Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the [[Gathas]] which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings".<ref>An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1845115418}}.</ref>

====Zoroastrianism====
* [[Zarathustra]]
* [[Jamasp]]
* [[Ostanes]]
* [[Shikand-gumanic Vichar|Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan]]<ref>Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. {{ISBN|0-8196-0280-9}}.</ref>
* [[Denkard#Date and authorship|Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan]]<ref name="Tafozzoli & Khromov">Sasanian Iran - intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. {{ISBN|9231032119}}.</ref>
* [[Denkard#Date and authorship|Adurbad Emedan]]<ref name="Tafozzoli & Khromov"/>
* ''[[Avesta]]''
* ''[[Gathas]]''
[[Anacharsis]]

====Pre-Manichaean thought====
* [[Bardesanes]]<ref>Mansour Shaki. ''Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period''. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. {{ISBN|0-933273-35-5}}.</ref><ref>Prods Oktor Skjaervo. ''Bardesanes''. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. {{ISBN|0-7100-9121-4}}.</ref>

====Manichaeism====
* [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] ({{circa|216}} – 276 CE)
* [[Mar Ammo|Ammo]]<ref>David A. Scott. ''Manichaean Views of Buddhism'' in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.</ref>

====Mazdakism====
* [[Mazdak#Origins|Mazdak the Elder]]<ref>Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997</ref>
* [[Mazdak]] (died c. 524 or 528 CE)

====Zurvanism====
* [[Zurvanism#Aesthetic Zurvanism|Aesthetic Zurvanism]]
* [[Zurvanism#Materialist Zurvanism|Materialist Zurvanism]]
* [[Zurvanism#Fatalistic Zurvanism|Fatalistic Zurvanism]]

===Philosophy and the Empire===
* Political philosophy
** [[Letter of Tansar|Tansar]]
* [[University of Gundishapur]]
** [[Burzoe|Borzouye]]
** [[Bukhtishu|Bakhtshooa Gondishapuri]]
* [[Khosrau I|Emperor Khosrau's]] [[Khosrau I#Philosopher King|philosophical discourses]]
** [[Paul the Persian]]

===Literature===
* [[Pahlavi literature]]