Editing American robin (section)

=== Vocalization ===

[[File:American Robin.ogg|right|thumb|Calls: 'scold' call at beginning & 'alarm' call at 42{{sup|s}} (very end)]]
[[File:American robin squeaking (30126).jpg|thumb|An adult while making an alarm call]]

The male, as with many thrushes, has a complex and almost continuous song. It is commonly described as a ''cheery'' carol, made up of discrete units, often repeated, and spliced together into a string with brief pauses in between.<ref name=Bull87>{{cite book |author=Bull, J. |author2=Farrand, J. Jr. |year=1987 |title=Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds |edition=Eastern Region |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Audubon Society]] / Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=0-394-41405-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000bull/page/469 469] |url=https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000bull/page/469 }}</ref> The song varies regionally, and its style varies by the time of day. The song period is from late February or early March to late July or early August; some birds, particularly in the east, sing occasionally into September or later. They are often among the first songbirds to sing as dawn rises or hours before, and last as evening sets in. It usually sings from a high perch in a tree.<ref name=ADW/> The song of the San Lucas subspecies {{nobr|(''T. m. confinis'')}} is weaker than that of the eastern subspecies {{nobr|(''T. m. migratorius''),}} and lacks any clear notes.<ref name=Clement/>

In addition to its song, the species has a number of calls used for communicating specific information, such as when a ground predator approaches and when a nest or another American robin is being directly threatened. Even during nesting season, when they exhibit mostly competitive and territorial behavior, they may still band together to drive away a predator.<ref name=Clement/>