Editing Alexander Fleming (section)

====Antibiotic resistance====
[[File:Staphylococcus aureus (AB Test).jpg|right|thumb|Modern antibiotics are tested using a method similar to Fleming's discovery.]]
Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed [[antibiotic resistance]] whenever too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period. Almroth Wright had predicted antibiotic resistance even before it was noticed during experiments. Fleming cautioned about the use of penicillin in his many speeches around the world. On 26 June 1945, he made the following cautionary statements: "the microbes are educated to resist penicillin and a host of penicillin-fast organisms is bred out&nbsp;... In such cases the thoughtless person playing with penicillin is morally responsible for the death of the man who finally succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant organism. I hope this evil can be averted."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology|date=April 2012|title=Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), & the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS)|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/48207C6BE27AB8C26F17672EF25F5808/S0195941700041175a.pdf/div-class-title-policy-statement-on-antimicrobial-stewardship-by-the-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america-shea-the-infectious-diseases-society-of-america-idsa-and-the-pediatric-infectious-diseases-society-pids-div.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/48207C6BE27AB8C26F17672EF25F5808/S0195941700041175a.pdf/div-class-title-policy-statement-on-antimicrobial-stewardship-by-the-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america-shea-the-infectious-diseases-society-of-america-idsa-and-the-pediatric-infectious-diseases-society-pids-div.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|volume=33|number=4|pages=322–327|pmid=22418625|doi=10.1086/665010|last1=Fishman |first1=Neil |author2=Infectious Diseases Society of America |author3=Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |s2cid=24828623 }}</ref> He cautioned not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances under which bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rosenblatt-Farrell|first=Noah|date=2009|title=The Landscape of Antibiotic Resistance|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=117|issue=6|pages=244–150|doi=10.1289/ehp.117-a244|pmc=2702430|pmid=19590668}}</ref>

It had been experimentally shown in 1942 that ''S. aureu''s could develop penicillin resistance under prolonged exposure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rammelkamp|first1=Charles H.|last2=Maxon|first2=Thelma|date=1942|title=Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the Action of Penicillin.|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-51-13986|journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=51|issue=3|pages=386–389|doi=10.3181/00379727-51-13986|s2cid=87530495}}</ref> Elaborating the possibility of penicillin resistance in clinical conditions in his Nobel Lecture, Fleming said:<blockquote>The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.<ref name=":12" /></blockquote>It was around that time that the first clinical case of penicillin resistance was reported.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Plough|first=Harold H.|date=1945|title=Penicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Clinical Implications|url=https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ajcp/15.10.446|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=15|issue=10|pages=446–451|doi=10.1093/ajcp/15.10.446|pmid=21005048}}</ref>