Editing African diaspora (section)

=== Caribbean ===
{{Main|Afro-Caribbean}}
[[File:Cards and the Loser with the Peg (7664363298).jpg|alt=Several elderly men sitting around a table playing cards|thumb|Haiti has the largest Afro-Caribbean population (almost 11 million) and also has the highest percentage of its population descended from the African diaspora (95%).]]
The first Africans in the Americas arrived in the region during the initial period of [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]]. In 1492, [[Afro-Spaniards|Afro-Spanish]] sailor [[Pedro Alonso Niño]] served as a [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] on the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]]; though he returned to the Americas in 1499, Niño did not settle in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=J.M.H.|date=June 1, 2016|title=Niño, Pedro Alonso|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74670|url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.74670|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222194811/https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74670 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 }}</ref> By the early 16th century, more Africans began to arrive in [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies in the Americas]], sometimes as [[free people of color]], but the majority were [[Slavery in colonial Spanish America|enslaved]]. Demand of African labor increased as the [[indigenous population of the Americas]] experienced a [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|massive population decline]] due to the introduction of Eurasian [[infectious disease]]s (such as [[smallpox]]) to which they had no [[Immunity (medical)|natural immunity]]. The [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]] granted ''[[Asiento de negros|asientos]]'' (monopoly contracts) to merchants granting them the right to supply enslaved Africans in to Spanish colonies in the Americas, regulating the trade. As other European nations began establishing colonies in the Americas, these new colonies began importing enslaved Africans as well.<ref>Foner, Laura, and Eugene D. Genovese, eds. ''Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History''. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, most European colonies in the Caribbean operated on [[Plantation economy|plantation economies]] fueled by slave labor, and the resulting importation of enslaved Africans meant that [[Afro-Caribbeans]] soon far outnumbered their European enslavers in terms of population.<ref name="AA">[[Stephen D. Behrendt]], David Richardson, and David Eltis, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute]] for African and African-American Research, [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book |author = Stephen Behrendt |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year = 1999 |publisher = Basic Civitas Books |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-00071-5 |chapter = Transatlantic Slave Trade |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }}</ref> Roughly eleven to twelve million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name="Larson, Pier M. 1999 335–62"/>

Beginning in 1791, the [[Haitian Revolution]], a slave rebellion by self-emancipated slaves in the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] eventually led to the creation of the [[Haiti|Republic of Haiti]]. The new state, led by [[Jean Jacques Dessalines]] was the first nation in the Americas to be established from a successful slave revolt and represented a challenge to the existing slave systems in the region.<ref>Philippe Girard, "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal," William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012).</ref> Continuous waves of [[slave rebellion]]s, such as the [[Baptist War]] led by [[Samuel Sharpe]] in [[Colony of Jamaica|British Jamaica]], created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region, with Great Britain abolishing it [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|in the 1830s]]. The Spanish colony of [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]] was the last Caribbean island to emancipate its slaves.<ref>Childs, Matt D. ''1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery'', [[University of North Carolina Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|9780807857724}}</ref>

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people began to assert their cultural, economic and political rights on the world stage. The Jamaican [[Marcus Garvey]] formed the [[UNIA]] movement in the United States, continuing with [[Aimé Césaire]]'s [[négritude]] movement, which was intended to create a pan-African movement across national lines. From the 1960s, the [[decolonization of the Americas]] led to various Caribbean countries gaining their independence from European colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as [[Calypso music|calypso]], [[reggae music]], and [[Rastafari]] within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a new Afro-Caribbean diaspora, including such figures as [[Stokely Carmichael]] and [[DJ Kool Herc]] in the United States, was influential in the creation of the [[black power]] and [[hip hop]] movements. Influential political theorists such as [[Walter Rodney]], [[Frantz Fanon]] and [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] contributed to anti-colonial theory and movements in Africa, as well as cultural developments in Europe.