Editing Zuiderzee (section)

==History==

=== Lake Flevo ===
[[File:500vc_ex_leg_copy.jpg|thumb|The region of the [[Netherlands]] {{circa}}&nbsp;500 BC.]]
[[File:50nc_ex_leg_copy.jpg|thumb|The region of the [[Netherlands]] {{circa}}&nbsp;50 AD.]]In classical times there was already a body of water in this location, called Lake Flevo (Flevo Lacus<ref name="EB1911"/>) by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] authors.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Oosthoek encyclopedie |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=OOSTHOEK'S UITGEVERS MIJ. N.V (1916-1925) |language=nl |chapter=Almere |access-date=2024-07-01 |chapter-url=https://www.ensie.nl/oosthoek1916/almere}}</ref> This was the central and largest lake in a region filled with a mixture of lowland and freshwater lakes occupying the area later filled by the Zuiderzee. It was separated from the sea by a belt of [[marsh]] and [[fen]]; at that time, the coastline ran along the line of the [[Frisian Islands]]. A number of streams, including the [[Vecht (Utrecht)|Vecht]], [[Eem]], and [[Yser|Ysel]], fed into the lake. The lake itself fed out into the North Sea through the [[Vlie]] (Latin ''Flevus'').<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle= Zuider Zee |inline=y |volume= 28 | page= 1049}}</ref> It existed in Roman times and the [[early Middle Ages]].

From the Indo-European root ''[[wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/plew-|*plew-]]'' "flow",<ref>{{cite book |last=Koch |first=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA1195 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |volume=1 |page=1195 |quote=Germanic variants, for example, ''Flevo'' (in classical sources) and Modern Dutch ''Vlie(t)'' also occur...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=de Vries |first1=J. |url=http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/vloeien |title=Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek |date=1971 |language=nl |quote=*''pleu'', dat nog voortleeft in lat. germ. ''Flevo'', ''Flevum'', mnl. ''Fleo'', ''Fli'', nnl. ''Vlie'' ‘waddenstroom aan de Friese kust’.}}</ref> the name was transmitted by the Roman geographer [[Pomponius Mela]] in describing this region. In his treatise on geography of 44 AD, Pomponius speaks of a ''Flevo Lacus''. He writes: "The northern branch of the Rhine widens as Lake Flevo, and encloses an island of the same name, and then as a normal river flows to the sea". Other sources rather speak of [[Flevum]], which could be related to today's [[Vlie]] (Vliestroom), i.e. the seaway between the Dutch islands of [[Vlieland]] and Terschelling. This last name is grammatically more probable for a geographical indication, which is why it is assumed that Pomponius confused the declension of the word giving the name Flevo. In fact the Vlie formed outfall from the lake into the [[North Sea]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In the second half of the twentieth century the [[Flevopolder|Flevopolders]] and a new province, [[Flevoland]], took the name of the body of water which lay there long ago.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Over time these lakes gradually eroded their soft [[peat]] shores and spread (a process known as [[waterwolf]]). Some part of this area of water was later called the ''Vlie''; it probably flowed into the sea through what is now the [[Vlie]]stroom channel between the islands of [[Vlieland]] and [[Terschelling]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

During a period of rising sea level between 250 and 600 CE, the connection to the sea and the lake were significantly enlarged. A period of lower sea levels followed.
[[File:800nc_ex_leg.jpg|right|thumb|The region of the [[Netherlands]] {{circa}}&nbsp;800 AD. At that time, the lake was called [[Almere (lake)|Almere]].]]

=== Almere ===
The [[Marsdiep]] was once a river (''fluvium Maresdeop'') which may have been a [[distributary]] of the [[Vlie]]. During the early [[Middle Ages]] this began to change as [[Floods in the Netherlands|rising sea levels and storms]] started to eat away at the coastal areas which consisted mainly of peatlands. In this period the inlet was referred to as the [[Almere (lake)|Almere]], indicating it was still more of a lake, but the mouth and size of the inlet were much widened in the 12th century and especially after a disastrous flood in 1282<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.duizendjaarweer.nl/duizend-jaar-weer/ |last=Buisman |first=Jan |date=1995 |title=Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen |publisher=Van Wijnen |location=Franeker, the Netherlands |ISBN=978-9-05194-075-6 |language=nl |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209134825/https://www.duizendjaarweer.nl/duizend-jaar-weer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> broke through the barrier dunes near [[Texel]]. The disaster marked the rise of [[Amsterdam]] on the southwestern end of the bay, since the seagoing traffic of the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] trade could now visit.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Lake Almere is mentioned among others in a life of saints written by Anglo-Saxon Bishop [[Saint Boniface]] in 753, and a deed of gift from the town of [[Urk]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Its etymology may be [[Eel|eels]], in Dutch ''aal'' or ''ael'', so: ''ael mere'' = "eel lake"{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Presumably, the water of Lake Almere at that time was fresh water or slightly [[brackish]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The name of the new town of [[Almere]] in [[Flevoland]] was given in 1984 in memory of this body of water.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

A number of occurrences during the Middle Ages led to the transformation of the lake to an inland sea that would be called the Zuiderzee, which are:{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

* [[Sea level rise|rising sea levels]] due to global warming known as the [[Medieval Warm Period]].
* excavation of peat by the [[Frisians]] in West Friesland near the [[Vlie]], a river that connected lake Almere to the [[North Sea]].
* floods such as the [[All Saints' Flood (1170)]] and [[St. Lucia's flood]] 1287.
Especially during the 13th century, particularly in 1219 and 1282, high tides and storms eroded the western banks of the Vlie and submerged large areas of land. The land between Stavoren, Texel, and Medemblik was washed away around 1170. The waterway between Stavoren and Enkhuizen, however, did not appear until around 1400. The erosion was stopped to the south and east by the high sandy shores of [[Gooi]], [[Veluwe]], [[Voorst]], and [[Gaasterland|Gasterland]] in the provinces of [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]], [[Gelderland]], [[Overysel]], and [[Friesland]] respectively.<ref name="EB1911"/>

=== Zuiderzee ===
[[File:Slag op de Zuiderzee, 6 oktober 1573 (Abraham de Verwer, 1621).jpg|thumb|The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet at the [[Battle on the Zuiderzee]] in 1573.]]The even more massive [[St. Lucia's flood]] occurred 14 December 1287, when the seawalls broke during a storm, killing approximately 50,000 to 80,000 people in the fifth largest flood in recorded history. The flood occurred during a memorable storm in [[Friesland]] and [[Holland]], and came from the North Sea, breaking and destroying several dams and dunes and transforming it into a bay which was then called the Zuiderzee,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} meaning ''Southern Sea''.<ref name="EB1911"/> The name "Zuiderzee" came into general usage around this period.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The size of this inland sea remained largely stable from the 15th century onwards due to improvements in [[dike (construction)|dikes]], but when storms pushed North Sea water into the inlet, the Zuiderzee became a volatile cauldron of water, frequently resulting in flooding and the loss of ships. For example, on 18 November 1421, a [[seawall]] at the Zuiderzee dike broke, which flooded 72 villages and killed about 10,000 people. This was the Second [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)|St. Elizabeth's flood]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The process of creating [[Polder|polders]] had developed to a point by 1667 that the damming of the Zuiderzee was proposed, although a feasible method did not appear until the 20th century.

The Netherlands was part of the [[First French Empire]] between 1810 and 1813. A [[Departments of France|département]] was formed in 1811 and named as [[Zuyderzée]] after the Zuiderzee, whose territory roughly corresponded to the present provinces of [[North Holland]] and [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1928, the [[6 Metre|6-meter]] and [[8 Metre (keelboat)|8-meter]] [[Sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics|sailing events]] for the Amsterdam [[1928 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] were held on the Zuiderzee.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf 1928 Summer Olympics official report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf |date=8 April 2008 }} pp. 271–272, 274.</ref>

=== Zuiderzee Works ===
[[Image:NL-Zuiderzeeworks.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Zuiderzee Works]] in the Netherlands|260x260px]]
{{Main|Zuiderzee Works}}
[[File:Annotated_Zuiderzee_area.png|thumb|Satellite view of the modern region, with parts of the Zuiderzee Works annotated]]
The construction between 1927 and 1932 of a 19-mile long dam (the [[Afsluitdijk]]), under plans originating from [[Cornelis Lely|Cornelius Lely]], enclosed the Zuiderzee. The creation of this dam was hastened by the [[Flood of 1916|Flood of January 1916]]. Plans for closing the Zuiderzee had been made over thirty years earlier but had not yet passed in [[States General of the Netherlands|parliament]].<ref>{{Cite EB1922|title=Zuider Zee|volume=32|pages=1143–1144 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83474/page/n1189/mode/2up |last=Lely|first=Cornelius|author-link=Cornelis Lely}}</ref> With the completion of the Afsluitdijk in 1932, the Zuiderzee became the [[IJsselmeer]], and the outer portion of the Zuiderzee became the [[Wadden Sea]]. Large areas of land, mainly for agricultural use, were subsequently reclaimed from the water through the construction of [[Polder|polders]] with dams, pumping, and other hydrological technology. Four had been built by the early 1980s. They were the Wieringermeer Polder built in 1930; the Northeast (Noordoost) Polder, built in 1942; the East (Oostelijk) Flevoland Polder, built in 1957; and the South (Zuidelijk) Flevoland Polder, completed in 1968.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IJsselmeer Polders |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/IJsselmeer-Polders |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> A fifth, [[Markerwaard]], began construction in 1963, and became partially complete, but was abandoned in the mid-1980s.<ref name=":2" /> Collectively, this system of dams, dikes, and polders is called the [[Zuiderzee Works]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-06 |title=Zuiderzee Works |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148799/zuiderzee-works |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=NASA Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |language=en}}</ref>