Editing Zabrze (section)

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Zabrze huta hala dmuchaw 2.jpg|thumb|left|A historic metallurgical building in Zabrze]]{{Historical populations|1950|128005|1960|188800|1970|197300|1980|196000|1990|201400|2000|197111|2010|186913|2020|170924|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Zabrze | title=Zabrze (śląskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref>}}
Biskupice, which is now a subdivision of Zabrze, was first mentioned in 1243 as ''Biscupici dicitur cirka [[Bytom|Bitom]]''{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}. Zabrze (or ''Old'' Zabrze) was mentioned in 1295–1305 as ''Sadbre sive Cunczindorf'' (German for '' [[Konrad (disambiguation)|Konrad]]/Kunze's village''; ''sive'' = "or"). According to historical sources, mining in Zabrze dates back to the 13th century.<ref name=am>{{cite web|url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/zabrze-zespol-zabudowy-dawnej-kopalni-krolowa-luiza|title=Zespół zabudowy dawnej Kopalni "Królowa Luiza"|website=Zabytek.pl|author=Agata Mucha|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=pl}}</ref> The present-day districts of Mikulczyce and Rokitnica were locations of [[motte-and-bailey castle]]s from the 13th-15th century, which are now archaeological sites.<ref name=mb>{{cite web|url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-290033|title=Grodzisko stożkowate (Mikulczyce)|website=Zabytek.pl|author=Michał Bugaj|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-290037|title=Grodzisko stożkowate (Rokitnica)|website=Zabytek.pl|author=Michał Bugaj|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In the 1970s, archaeologists discovered an [[Epipalaeolithic]] flintwork and [[flint]] tools from the [[Mesolithic]] at the Mikulczyce archaeological site.<ref name=mb/> In the [[Late Middle Ages]], the local [[Silesia]]n [[Piast]] dukes invited German settlers into the territory, resulting in increasing [[Ostsiedlung|German settlement]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}. The settlement was part of the [[Silesia]]n duchies of fragmented Poland. Zabrze became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] in 1526. In 1645, along with the [[Duchy of Opole]], Zabrze returned to Polish rule under the [[House of Vasa]], in 1666 it fell back to the Habsburgs, and was later annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the [[Silesian Wars]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}. In 1774, the [[Dorota (village)|Dorotheendorf settlement]] was founded. In 1791, a [[coking coal]] seam was discovered in Zabrze, and then its first coking coal mine was opened.<ref name=am/> In the 19th century, new coal mines, steelworks, factories and a power plant were created. A road connecting [[Gliwice]] and [[Chorzów]] and a railway connecting [[Opole]] and [[Świętochłowice]] were led through Zabrze.

===Early 20th century===
In 1905, the Zabrze commune was formed by the former communes Alt-Zabrze, Klein-Zabrze and Dorotheendorf. The Zabrze commune was renamed ''Hindenburg'' in 1915 in honour of [[Generalfeldmarschall]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]]. The name change was approved by Emperor [[Wilhelm II]] on 21 February 1915.<ref name="UM">[http://www.um.zabrze.pl/mieszkancy/miasto/historia/hindenburg Historia – Hindenburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501095304/http://www.um.zabrze.pl/mieszkancy/miasto/historia/hindenburg |date=1 May 2019 }} at the official website of Zabrze</ref> Up until then, it was one of the few cities whose Polish name was retained during German rule.

In 1904 the [[Polish Sokół movement|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]] in Zabrze was established, which was also a Polish patriotic and pro-independence organization.<ref name=SOK>{{cite web |url=https://historia-zabrza.pl/polskie-towarzystwo-gimnastyczne-sokolw-zabrzu/|title=Polskie Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne "Sokół" w Zabrzu, Historia Zabrza|date=31 July 2016 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Prussian harassment it was liquidated in 1911, but it was reactivated twice, in 1913 and 1918.<ref>''Encyklopedia powstań śląskich'', Instytut Śląski w Opolu, Opole, 1982, p. 637</ref><ref name=SOK/> Its members took an active part in the post-war plebiscite campaign and the [[Silesian uprisings]].<ref name=SOK/>

===Interwar period===
[[File:Wolności 296 Building, Zabrze, Poland, September 2018.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Typical [[Art Nouveau in Poland|''Jugendstil'']] architecture on Wolności (Liberty) Street in Zabrze]]
During the plebiscite held after [[World War I]], 21,333 inhabitants (59%) of the Hindenburg commune voted to remain in Germany, while 14,873 (41%) voted for incorporation to Poland, which had just regained its independence.<ref name="UM"/> In May 1921 the Third [[Silesian Uprisings|Silesian Uprising]] broke out and Hindenburg was captured by Polish insurgents, who held it until the end of the uprising.<ref name="UM"/> When [[Upper Silesia]] was divided between Poland and Germany in 1921, the Hindenburg commune remained in Germany, while the present-day districts of Kończyce, [[Makoszowy]] and Pawłów were reintegrated with Poland.<ref name="UM"/> It received its [[city charter]] in 1922. Just five years after receiving city rights Hindenburg became the biggest city in German-ruled western Upper Silesia and the second biggest city in German-ruled Silesia after [[Wrocław]] (then ''Breslau''). Nevertheless, various Polish organizations still operated in the city in the [[interbellum]], including a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]],{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=24}} Polish libraries, [[sports clubs]], [[credit union]]s, choirs, [[scout troop]]s and an amateur theater.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=74}} Polish newspaper ''Głos Ludu'' was published in the city.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=124}} In a secret ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' report from 1934, Zabrze was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=60}} In terms of religion, most of the city's population adhered to the [[Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=35}}

In the 1920s, the [[Communist Party of Germany|communists]], [[Centre Party (Germany)|Christian democrats]] and [[German National People's Party|nationalists]] enjoyed the greatest support among the German population, while Poles supported Polish parties.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=53-54}} In 1924 the [[Communist Party of Germany]] won the local elections and proposed changing the name of the city to ''Leninburg''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zalega |first=Dariusz |title=Chachary. Ludowa historia Górnego Śląska |year=2024 |location=Warszawa |pages=201 |language=pl}}</ref> In 1928, among the largest cities in western Upper Silesia, Polish parties received the most votes in Zabrze.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=74}} In the [[German federal election, March 1933|March 1933 elections]], most of the citizens voted for the [[Nazi Party]], followed by [[Centre Party (Germany)|Zentrum]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]]. Nazi politician Max Fillusch became the city's mayor and remained in the position until 1945.<ref name="Geschichte">[http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/hindenburg.html Stadtkreis Zabrze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201953/http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/hindenburg.html |date=3 March 2016 }} at Geschichte on Demand website</ref>

[[File:Pomnik Makoszowy.JPG|thumb|A monument commemorating the fallen in the fight for the liberation of Silesia in the [[Silesian uprisings]] and [[World War II]]]]

The anti-Polish organization [[Bund Deutscher Osten]] was very active in the city, it dealt with [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|propaganda]], indoctrination and espionage of the Polish community, as well as denouncing Poles to local authorities.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=50}} When, the Barbórka (traditional holiday of miners) church services were organized separately for Poles and Germans in 1936, the Polish service enjoyed a greater attendance,{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=130}} however, due to Nazi oppression and propaganda, the attendance at Polish services in the 1930s gradually decreased, according to Bund Deutscher Osten.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=157}} Polish activists were increasingly persecuted since 1937.{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=24}} People were urged to [[Germanisation|Germanise]] their names, Polish inscriptions were removed from tombstones.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=50}} Some Polish priests were expelled from the city, both before{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=26}} and during [[World War II]].{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=100}} As a result of German persecution the [[Jews|Jewish]] community dropped from 1,154 people in 1933 to 551 in 1939, and its remainder was deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] in 1942.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=35}} The town's synagogue, that had stood since 1872, was destroyed in the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' pogroms of November 1938.<ref>[[Ghetto Fighters' House]] archives, Photo No. 55805: a memorial monument placed by the Zabrze municipality in 1998 to commemorate its Jewish community.</ref>

===World War II===
During World War II, in 1941 the German administration requisitioned church property, in which it removed Polish symbols and memorabilia.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=102}} [[Church bell]]s were confiscated for war purposes in 1942.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=105}} The Germans established three [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B]]/344 [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] in the city, two of which operated in the local coal mines,<ref name=lams>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Stalag VIIIB 344 Lamsdorf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> and also a subcamp of [[Auschwitz III]] was located there. Another subcamp of Stalag VIII-B/344 (E51) was operated at a coal mine in the present-day Mikulczyce district.<ref name=lams/>

On 24 January 1945, the Soviets captured the city, then committed a massacre of some 100 inhabitants,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanich|first=Andrzej|year=2012|title=Losy ludności na Śląsku Opolskim w czasie działań wojennych i po wejściu Armii Czerwonej w 1945 roku|journal=Studia Śląskie|volume=LXXI|location=Opole|language=pl|page=216|issn=0039-3355}}</ref> and later deported some inhabitants to the [[Soviet Union]], while other inhabitants were [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]] west in accordance to the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. However, in stark contrast to the other cities in the so-called [[Recovered Territories]], three quarters of the mostly bilingual inhabitants were spared expulsion.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fußballegende mit deutsch-polnischem Hintergrund|language=de|journal=Kulturkorrespondenz östliches Europa|issue=1441|pages=30|author=Dawid Smolorz}}</ref>

===Contemporary history===
[[File:Kopalnia Ludwik.jpg|thumb|Ludwik coal mine, closed down in 1978]]
Following [[World War II]], according to the [[Potsdam Agreement]] the city was handed over to Poland in 1945 and the town's name was changed to the historic ''Zabrze'' on 19 May 1945. The first post-war mayor of Zabrze was Paweł Dubiel, pre-war Polish activist and journalist in Upper Silesia, prisoner of the [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] and [[Mauthausen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] concentration camps during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bs.sejm.gov.pl/F?func=find-b&request=000004103|title=Dubiel Paweł Mikołaj (1902–1980)|website=Biblioteka Sejmowa|access-date=25 March 2020|language=pl}}</ref> The pre-war Polish inhabitants of the region, who formed the majority of the city's population in 1948,<ref name=umz/> were joined by Poles expelled from [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]]. Moreover, Polish settlers from the central part of Poland also settled in Zabrze.

The city limits were largely expanded in 1951, by including [[Mikulczyce]], Rokitnica, Grzybowice, [[Makoszowy]], Kończyce and Pawłów as new districts.<ref name=umz>{{cite web|url=https://www.um.zabrze.pl/mieszkancy/miasto/historia/okres-powojenny|title=Okres powojenny|website=Urząd Miasta Zabrze|access-date=25 March 2020|language=pl|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501094859/https://www.um.zabrze.pl/mieszkancy/miasto/historia/okres-powojenny|url-status=dead}}</ref> New neighbourhoods were built from the 1950s to 1990s.<ref name=umz/> In 1948, [[Górnik Zabrze]] football club was founded, which won its first Polish championship in 1957, and soon became the pride of the city as one of the most successful clubs in Poland. Zabrze was administratively part of the [[Katowice Voivodeship]] until 1998.
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