Editing Xerox (section)

==History==
Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester, New York, as '''the Haloid Photographic Company'''.<ref name="xeroxhaloid">[http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?view=Factbook&id=XAG&Xcntry=USA&Xlang=en_US Online Fact Book: Xerox at a Glance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805182953/http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?view=Factbook&id=XAG&Xcntry=USA&Xlang=en_US |date=August 5, 2009 }}, xerox.com. Article retrieved December 13, 2006.</ref> It manufactured photographic paper and equipment.

In 1938, [[Chester Carlson]], a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate<ref name="USPTO02297691">{{cite web|last1=Carlson|first1=Chester|title=Electrophotography|url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02297691|website=pdfpiw.uspto.gov|publisher=USPTO|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220095620/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=02297691|url-status=live}}</ref> and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a [[Xerography#Process|rotating drum]].

[[Image:“XeroX processor model D” 1951 - Xerox Model D copier, one of the first production units. - Battelle Memorial Institute, Xerography, 505 King Avenue, Ohio State University, Columbus, HAER OHIO,25-COLB,38A-2 (cropped).tif|thumb|left|The Xerox Model D copier, introduced in 1951]]
[[Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)|Joseph C. Wilson]], credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph C. Wilson II - Leadership - Harvard Business School |url=https://www.hbs.edu/leadership/20th-century-leaders/details?profile=joseph_c_wilson_ii |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.hbs.edu}}</ref> He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as chairman until his death in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fowle |first=Farnsworth |date=1971-11-23 |title=Joseph C. Wilson of Xerox Dies at 61; Headed Presidential Panel on Health |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/23/archives/joseph-c-wilson-of-xerox-dies-at-61-headed-presidential-panel-on.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Made America? {{!}} Innovators {{!}} Joseph Wilson |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/wilson_hi.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid hired a Greek scholar at [[Ohio State University]] and coined the term [[xerography]] from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing".<ref>{{cite book |last=Institute |first=Bathroom Readers |title=Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathroom Reader |date=September 1999 |location=Ashland, Oregon |publisher=Bathroom Readers' Press |page=64 |isbn=1-879682-74-5}}</ref>
Haloid changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961.<ref name="xeroxname">{{Cite news |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |date=2008-01-07 |title=Xerox Hopes Its New Logo Doesn't Say 'Copier' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/07/business/07cnd-adco.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its slowness of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker for the [[Addressograph|Addressograph-Multigraph]] Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses in the [[offset lithography]] market. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal [[rostrum camera]], complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick-developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share.

The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer that could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier.

===Xerox 914===
[[Image:Museumofbusinesshistoryandtechnology (32000832472).jpg|thumb|right|The Xerox 914 photocopier, introduced in 1959 and a highly successful product]]
{{main|Xerox 914}}
The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914,<ref name="wirten">{{cite book|last=Wirten|first=Eva Hemmungs|title=No Trespassing: Authorship, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Boundaries of Globalization|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2004|page=61|isbn=9780802086082|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYurhbUh_2gC&pg=PA61|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=February 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204193057/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYurhbUh_2gC&pg=PA61&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> "the most successful single product of all time". The 914, the first [[paper|plain paper]] [[photocopier]], was developed by [[Chester Carlson|Carlson]] and [[John H. Dessauer]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xerox 914 Plain Paper Copier |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=191 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922224938/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=191 |archive-date=September 22, 2011}} at americanhistory.si.edu</ref> it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965.

=== Xeronic Computer Printer ===
[[File:XeronicPrinterProductRankResearchLabs1963-PJGreaves.jpg|thumb|left|Peter James Greaves at the Rank Research Labs 1963 --- A project to attach a Xeronic printer to the Lyons Leo III]]
In 1956, Haloid formed a joint venture in the UK with [[Rank Xerox|Rank Organisation]] whose Rank Precision Industries Ltd. subsidiary was charged with anglicising the US products. Rank's Precision Industries went on to develop the Xeronic computer printer and Rank Data Systems Ltd was set up to bring the product to market. It used [[cathode-ray tube]]s to generate the characters and forms that could be overlaid from [[microfilm]] images. Initially, they planned for the [[Ferranti]] and AEI computer companies to sell the Xeronic as an on-line peripheral, but due to interface problems, Rank switched to a magnetic tape off-line technique. In 1962, Lyons Computers Ltd. placed an order for use with their [[LEO (computer)|LEO III computer]], and the printer was delivered in 1964. It printed 2,888 lines per minute, slower than the target of 5,000 lpm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bird|first=Peter |date=1994 |title=LEO The first business computer |publisher=Biddles Ltd.|pages=153–159|chapter=Chapter 5: Further Automation Improvements|isbn=0-9521651-0-4}}</ref>

===1960s===
[[Image:Kaarle-Sorkio-1965.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Xerox copying scene at a commercial conference in Finland, 1965]]
In the 1960s, Xerox held a dominant position in the [[photocopier]] market.<ref>{{cite news
|newspaper=The New York Times
|title=Jacob E. Goldman, Founder of Xerox Lab, Dies at 90
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/business/jacob-e-goldman-founder-of-xerox-lab-dies-at-90.html
|date=December 21, 2011
|quote=In the late 1960s, Xerox, then the dominant manufacturer of office copiers ...
|access-date=November 13, 2018
|archive-date=July 3, 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703060024/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/business/jacob-e-goldman-founder-of-xerox-lab-dies-at-90.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in [[Webster (town), New York|Webster, New York]]. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/business/media/08adco.html|title=Xerox Hopes Its New Logo Doesn't Say 'Copier'|last=Deutsch|first=Claudia H.|date=2008-01-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301092639/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/business/media/08adco.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in 1961<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/copy-his-success-joe-wilson-concentrated-on-innovation-making-xerox-a-winner/|title=Copy His Success: Joe Wilson Zeroed In On Innovation At Xerox|last=Saito-Chung|first=David|date=18 April 2016|website=Investor's Business Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210654/http://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/copy-his-success-joe-wilson-concentrated-on-innovation-making-xerox-a-winner/|archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> and on the [[Chicago Stock Exchange]] in 1990.

In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later, in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer.{{Needs citation|date=June 2024}}

Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as [[offset printing]], this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator.{{Needs citation|date=June 2024}}

Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect a modified 813 copier to a CRT based scanner using a special service (TELPAK) of the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964, followed in 1966 by the Magnafax Telecopier, a much smaller, slower and less expensive version that acoustically coupled to a desk phone. However, [[Fax|fax machines]] would not become a truly mainstream device until the 1980s.{{Needs citation|date=June 2024}}

In 1968, [[Charles Peter McColough|C. Peter McColough]], a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/technology/18mccolough.html|title=C. Peter McColough, 86, Dies; Led Xerox to Prominence in 13 Years as Chief|last=Siklos|first=Richard|date=2006-12-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 30, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130180003/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/technology/18mccolough.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown [[Rochester, New York]], with its 30-story [[Xerox Tower]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://13wham.com/news/local/xerox-leaving-downtown-rochester-relocating-hundreds-to-webster|title=Xerox leaving downtown Rochester, relocating hundreds to Webster|last=WHAM|first=Carlet Cleare|date=2018-01-26|website=WHAM|access-date=2019-10-04|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617065251/http://13wham.com/news/local/xerox-leaving-downtown-rochester-relocating-hundreds-to-webster|url-status=live}}</ref>

Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased [[University Microfilms International]] in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963,<ref name=Gale /> and [[R. R. Bowker]] in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired [[Scientific Data Systems]] (SDS),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/22/archives/computer-making-will-end-at-xerox-844million-writeoff-is-taken-in.html|title=Computer Making Willend Atxerox|last=Barmash|first=Isadore|date=1975-07-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163320/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/22/archives/computer-making-will-end-at-xerox-844million-writeoff-is-taken-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the [[SDS Sigma series|Sigma]] line and its successor XDS 5xx series of [[mainframe computer]]s in the 1960s and 1970s. Xerox sold XDS to [[Honeywell]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1975-10-16 |title=HONEYWELL, XEROX REACH AGREEMENT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/16/archives/honeywell-xerox-reach-agreement.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Xerox Tower.JPG|[[Xerox Tower]] in [[Rochester, New York]], served as headquarters from 1968 to 1969.
File:Xeroxheadquarters.jpg|[[Stamford, Connecticut]] served as headquarters from 1969 to 2007.
File:Xerox Henrietta facility.JPG|Former manufacturing facility in [[Henrietta, New York]], constructed in the 1960s and sold to [[Harris Corporation#RF Communications|Harris RF Communications]] in 2010
File:XeroxTower-DLighting.jpg|Xerox Canada Head Office at [[North American Life]] Centre (Xerox Tower), [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
File:XeroxTrainingCenter2.jpg|Xerox Training Center
</gallery>

===1970s===
[[Archie McCardell]] was named president of the company in 1971.<ref>"Xerox Appoints Chairman and President," ''New York Times,'' December 14, 1971.</ref> During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first [[Photocopier#Color photocopiers|color copier]].<ref>Smith, Gene. "Xerox Planning to Market Color Copier Next Year." ''New York Times.'' May 19, 1972.</ref> During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record [[revenue]]s, [[income|earnings]] and [[Profit (accounting)|profits]] in 1973, 1974, and 1975.<ref>Smith, Gene. "Xerox Foresees Profit Record in 1973." ''New York Times.'' May 25, 1973; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Set Record." ''New York Times.'' July 17, 1974; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Up 5.4% to Record." ''New York Times.'' April 16, 1975.</ref> John Carrol became a backer, later spreading the company throughout North America.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 9200 Duplicating System. Originally designed to be sold to print shops to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In a 1975 [[Super Bowl advertising|Super Bowl commercial]] for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring Brother Dominic, a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/xerox-corp/98942/|access-date=November 2, 2013|newspaper=Advertising Age|date=September 15, 2003|title=Ad Age Encyclopedia of Advertising: Xerox corp.|archive-date=November 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107052824/http://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/xerox-corp/98942/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Terry|title=Judgment Day: Super Bowl Advertising|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/judgment-day-super-bowl-advertising-1.3962684|access-date=5 February 2017|agency=Canadian Broadcast Corporation|publisher=CBC Radio|date=5 February 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100635/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/judgment-day-super-bowl-advertising-1.3962684|url-status=live}}</ref> Dominic, portrayed by [[Jack Eagle]], became the face of Xerox into the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Best|first1=Neil|author-link1=Neil Best (journalist)|title=Ian Eagle finds the right mix of humor and pop culture in CBS football booth|url=http://www.newsday.com/sports/columnists/neil-best/ian-eagle-finds-the-right-mix-of-humor-and-pop-culture-in-cbs-football-booth-1.9347492|website=Newsday|access-date=20 September 2017|date=19 September 2014|quote="His father, Jack, who had been a comedian, musician and actor, saw his life change following an iconic 1977 Super Bowl ad for Xerox that led to his second career appearing at trade shows, store openings and corporate events.  'My father traveled probably about 225 days a year for Xerox dressing up as the monk, Brother Dominic," Eagle said. "What started as a commercial became a full-time job . . . It was a whole life that started for him after the age of 50 and it turned out to be the most memorable and lucrative part of his career.'"|archive-date=September 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141705/http://www.newsday.com/sports/columnists/neil-best/ian-eagle-finds-the-right-mix-of-humor-and-pop-culture-in-cbs-football-booth-1.9347492|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of [[Frederic M. Scherer]]. The Xerox [[consent decree]] resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire [[patent]] portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of the consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. [[copier]] market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/2001/01_10/b3722001.htm |access-date=November 23, 2015 |newspaper=Business Week |date=March 5, 2001 |title=Xerox: The Downfall. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027103202/http://www.businessweek.com/2001/01_10/b3722001.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2015 }}</ref>

In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed ''Xerox Telecommunications Network'' (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to [[MCI Communications|MCI]] at a loss.<ref>{{cite news|last=Strauss|first=Paul R.|title=Xerox at the Crossroads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xNVAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA86|access-date=November 6, 2013|newspaper=Data Communications|date=September 1983|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103031940/http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNVAAAAMAAJ&lpg=RA4-PA86|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1980s===
[[David T. Kearns]], a Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the ''Memorywriter'', which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM.<ref name=Gale />

In 1980, Xerox acquired Kurzweil Computer Products, a pioneering manufacturer of [[flatbed scanner]]s, from [[Ray Kurzweil]]. It later acquired [[Datacopy]], another pioneer in the image scanner market, for $31&nbsp;million in 1986.<ref name=broadens>{{cite journal | last=Levander | first=Michelle | date=May 7, 1988 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-scanner-firm-broa/156972701/ | title=Scanner firm broadens Xerox line | journal=Democrat and Chronicle | page=12D | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> 

In 1983, Xerox bought [[Crum & Forster]], an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984.<ref name=Gale>{{cite web|title=Gale Directory of Company Histories: Xerox Corporation (from Amswers.com)|website=[[Answers.com]]|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/xerox-1|access-date=November 3, 2013|archive-date=October 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031135454/http://www.answers.com/topic/xerox-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1985, Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R. R. Bowker.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winter|first1=Christine|title=Bell, Howell Acquires Two Data Firms|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/11/14/bell-howell-acquires-two-data-firms/|access-date=Sep 10, 2014|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 14, 1985|archive-date=September 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911075117/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-11-14/business/8503180622_1_umi-gerald-schultz-bekins-records-management|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 6500 color copier was also introduced in 1986. The first one was sold in Philadelphia by Jack Schneider.{{Needs citation|date=June 2024}}

In 1989, Xerox won the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award for Business Products and Systems.

===1990s===
[[File:Xerox logo 1994.svg|thumb|90px|right|Xerox "Pixelated X" logo used from 1994 to 2008]]
In 1990, [[Paul Allaire]], a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Feder |first=Barnaby J. |date=1990-07-02 |title=Leading the Enigma Called Xerox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/02/business/leading-the-enigma-called-xerox.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry.<ref name=":3" />

The development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released the [[DocuTech]] Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as multi-function machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support.

To reinforce this image, the company introduced a corporate signature in 1994, The Document Company, above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://logoreviews.org/xerox-logo-review|title=Xerox Logo Review: History Behind a Legendary Brand Symbol|date=April 4, 2024 |access-date=April 7, 2024|archive-date=April 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407131803/https://logoreviews.org/xerox-logo-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 1999, Allaire was succeeded by [[G. Richard Thoman|Richard Thoman]], who had been brought in from [[IBM]] in 1997 as president.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |date=1999-04-07 |title=New Chief Is Named at Xerox, Amid Altered Copier Landscape |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/07/business/new-chief-is-named-at-xerox-amid-altered-copier-landscape.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The first "outsider" to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xerox CEO steps down - May 11, 2000 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/05/11/companies/xerox/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref>

===2000s===
[[Image:Xerox photocopier in GlenOak High School library 2004.jpg|thumb|left|A small, much-used Xerox photocopier at an American high school, 2004]]
After Thoman's resignation, Allaire again resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of [[Anne M. Mulcahy]], another long-term Xerox executive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-anne-mulcahy-xerox-ceo.html|title=America's Best Leaders: Anne Mulcahy, Xerox CEO|access-date=November 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210054608/http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-anne-mulcahy-xerox-ceo.html|archive-date=December 10, 2008|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Accidental CEO |work=Fortune |date=June 2003 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/06/23/344603/index.htm |first=Betsy |last=Morris |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217205918/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/06/23/344603/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development.

In 2000, Xerox acquired [[Tektronix]] color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/23/business/xerox-to-pay-950-million-for-color-printer-business.html|title=Xerox to Pay $950 Million For Color Printer Business|last=Deutsch|first=Claudia H.|date=1999-09-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/09/22/deals/xerox/|title=Xerox buys Tektronix unit|date=22 September 1999|website=money.cnn.com|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> This led to the current [[Xerox Phaser]] line of products as well as Xerox [[solid ink]] printing technology.

In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of [[American history]] as an artifact in the [[Smithsonian Institution]].

In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xmpie.com/ |title=Leaders in One-to-One in One, Personalized VDP and Cross Media Communications |publisher=XMPie |access-date=November 9, 2011 |archive-date=May 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531074026/http://www.xmpie.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was the first acquisition of Xerox to remain independent entity, as a Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by its original founder Jacob Aizikowitz.

Xerox headquarters moved from [[Stamford, Connecticut]], to Norwalk in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Online Fact Book: Historical Highlights |work=www.xerox.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?id=Historical&view=Factbook |access-date=November 1, 2007 |archive-date=April 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423184011/http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?id=Historical&view=Factbook |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Image:Xerox stand in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|Street stand in India offering Xerox services, 2007]]

In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of [[Greater Toronto's Top Employers]] by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-xerox-canada|title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Greater Toronto's Top Employers Competition|access-date=January 28, 2009|archive-date=February 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206222225/http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-xerox-canada|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 1, 2009, [[Ursula Burns]] succeeded Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zarroli |first=Jim |date=22 May 2009 |title=Ursula Burns To Succeed Mulcahy As Xerox CEO |url=https://www.npr.org/2009/05/22/104426582/ursula-burns-to-succeed-mulcahy-as-xerox-ceo |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=npr}}</ref> Burns was the first [[African American]] woman to head a company of that size.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=Adi |date=2021-07-01 |title="I'm Here Because I'm As Good As You" |url=https://hbr.org/2021/07/im-here-because-im-as-good-as-you |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012}}</ref>

On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of [[Affiliated Computer Services]], a services and [[outsourcing]] company, for $6.4 billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $6.4 billion, or $63.11 a share for the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/innovationNews/idUSTRE58R1V120090928|title=Xerox to buy ACS to expand back office services|work=Reuters|date=September 28, 2009|access-date=July 3, 2017|archive-date=October 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001160212/http://www.reuters.com/article/innovationNews/idUSTRE58R1V120090928|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2010s===
[[Image:फोटोकॉपियर.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Fuji Xerox ApeosPort-II5010 photocopier in Mauritania, 2011]]
In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2011 |title=Xerox acquires NewFieldIT |url=https://www.thehour.com/business/article/Xerox-acquires-NewFieldIT-8182215.php |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=The Hour}}</ref>

In December 2013, Xerox sold its Wilsonville, Oregon [[solid ink]] product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from [[Tektronix]] to [[3D Systems]] for $32.5 million in cash.<ref>{{cite web|title=3D Systems To Acquire a Portion of Xerox's Oregon Based Solid Ink Engineering and Development Teams|url=http://news.xerox.com/news/3D-Systems-to-acquire-a-portion-of-Xerox-solid-ink-engineering-and-development-teams|access-date=January 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132708/http://news.xerox.com/news/3D-Systems-to-acquire-a-portion-of-Xerox-solid-ink-engineering-and-development-teams|archive-date=January 16, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from [[Affiliated Computer Services]] to [[Atos]] for $1.05 billion.<ref name="patnaik2014">{{cite news | author=Patnaik, Subrat | author2=Baker, Liana B. | work=Reuters | title=Xerox to sell IT outsourcing arm to France's Atos for $1.05 billion | date=18 December 2014 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-xerox-atos-deals-idUSKBN0JW2U920141219 | access-date=July 3, 2017 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211706/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/19/us-xerox-atos-deals-idUSKBN0JW2U920141219 | url-status=live }}</ref>  This move was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units.<ref name="patnaik2014" />

In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder and corporate raider [[Carl Icahn]]—announced that by the end of the year it would [[Corporate spin-off|spin off]] its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own [[Public company|publicly traded company]]. The name and management of the new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn would appoint three members of the new company's [[board of directors]], and he would choose a person to advise its search for a [[Chief executive officer|CEO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/business/dealbook/xerox-split-icahn.html |title=Xerox, in Deal With Carl Icahn, to Split Company in Two |first1=Michael J. |last1=de la Merced |first2=Leslie |last2=Picker |date=January 29, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130083756/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/business/dealbook/xerox-split-icahn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named [[Conduent]]. It also announced that [[Ashok Vemuri]] would serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn would control three seats on the new company's board. It continued to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/xerox-says-it-will-call-business-services-company-conduent-after-split-1466084423 |title=Xerox Says It Will Call Business-Services Company Conduent After Split |first=Nathan |last=Becker |date=June 16, 2016 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=June 18, 2016 |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618011252/http://www.wsj.com/articles/xerox-says-it-will-call-business-services-company-conduent-after-split-1466084423 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2016, the company announced that [[Jeff Jacobson (CEO)|Jeff Jacobson]] would become the new CEO following the completion of the company's planned separation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-appoints-new-CEO-following-company-separation|title=Jeff Jacobson to Become CEO of Xerox Corporation Following Completion of Separation|date=2016-06-23|publisher=Xerox|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110232558/https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-appoints-new-CEO-following-company-separation|url-status=live}}</ref> This became effective in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/nation-now/2017/01/03/xerox-conduent-split-complete/96110370/|title=Xerox completes split into 2 companies|last=Clausen|first=Todd|date=2017-01-03|website=USA Today|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=February 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201084011/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/nation-now/2017/01/03/xerox-conduent-split-complete/96110370/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that [[Fujifilm]] had agreed to acquire a 50.1% controlling stake in the company for US$6.1 billion, which was to be combined into their existing joint venture [[Fuji Xerox]] (having a value of $18 billion post-acquisition).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/01/fujifilm-acquires-xerox-for-6-1-billion/|title=Fujifilm acquires Xerox for $6.1 billion|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en-us|archive-date=February 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201000926/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/01/fujifilm-acquires-xerox-for-6-1-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/300098681/a-giant-is-born-fujifilm-deal-allows-xerox-to-make-inroads-into-asia-pacific-print-market-bolster-next-gen-rd-efforts.htm|title=A Giant Is Born: Fujifilm Deal Allows Xerox To Make Inroads Into Asia-Pacific Print Market, Bolster Next-Gen R&D Efforts|last=Shirkey|first=Alec|date=2018-01-31|work=CRN|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en|archive-date=January 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131223332/http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/300098681/a-giant-is-born-fujifilm-deal-allows-xerox-to-make-inroads-into-asia-pacific-print-market-bolster-next-gen-rd-efforts.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/300098661/fujifilm-buys-controlling-stake-in-xerox-creating-an-18-billion-printer-industry-behemoth.htm|title=Fujifilm Buys Controlling Stake In Xerox, Creating An $18 Billion Printer Industry Behemoth|last=Shirkey|first=Alec|date=2018-01-31|work=CRN|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en|archive-date=January 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131165334/http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/300098661/fujifilm-buys-controlling-stake-in-xerox-creating-an-18-billion-printer-industry-behemoth.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Image:7-Eleven NCL Store and Fuji Xerox Document Centre 505 20130127.jpg|thumb|right|Fuji Xerox Document Centre 505 at a 7-Eleven store in Taiwan, 2013]]
On May 1, 2018, it was announced that chairman Robert Keegan and CEO Jeff Jacobson and four other directors would resign as part of a deal with investors [[Carl Icahn]] and Darwin Deason, who had mounted a proxy fight to oppose the Fujifilm deal. On May 4, Xerox backed away from the deal after stipulations about ceasing litigation were not met.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-settlement-agreement-with-Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-has-expired/ |title=Xerox Settlement Agreement with Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason Has Expired {{pipe}} Xerox Newsroom |access-date=May 6, 2018 |archive-date=May 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506084954/https://www.news.xerox.com/news/Xerox-settlement-agreement-with-Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-has-expired |url-status=live }}</ref> Icahn and Deason responded with an open letter to shareholders blaming the board and management.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/05/04/1496559/0/en/Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-Release-Open-Letter-to-Xerox-Shareholders.html |title=Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason Release Open Letter to Xerox Shareholders |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |archive-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003228/https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/05/04/1496559/0/en/Carl-Icahn-and-Darwin-Deason-Release-Open-Letter-to-Xerox-Shareholders.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 13 a new deal was reached that additionally cancelled the Fujifilm transaction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/xerox-cancels-fuji-deal-inks-deal-with-carl-icahn-14587890 |title=Xerox Boots CEO in Deal with Activist Investor Carl Icahn |date=May 13, 2018 |access-date=May 13, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514011714/https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/xerox-cancels-fuji-deal-inks-deal-with-carl-icahn-14587890 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2019, Xerox began to pursue a [[hostile takeover]] of PC and printer manufacturer [[HP Inc.]], declaring its intent to "engage directly" with shareholders after HP rejected two unsolicited bids for the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/26/xerox-tells-hp-it-will-bring-takeover-bid-directly-to-shareholders/|title=Xerox tells HP it will bring takeover bid directly to shareholders|website=TechCrunch|date=November 26, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163322/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/26/xerox-tells-hp-it-will-bring-takeover-bid-directly-to-shareholders/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/hp-rejects-xerox-again-but-leaves-door-open-for-negotiation/|title=HP rejects Xerox again, but leaves door open for negotiation|website=TechCrunch|date=November 25, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163333/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/hp-rejects-xerox-again-but-leaves-door-open-for-negotiation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Xerox stated in January 2020 that it would pursue the replacement of HP's board.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/xerox-wants-to-replace-hp-board-that-rejected-takeover-bid/|title=Xerox wants to replace HP board that rejected takeover bid|website=TechCrunch|date=January 23, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163330/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/xerox-wants-to-replace-hp-board-that-rejected-takeover-bid/|url-status=live}}</ref> HP criticized the proposed purchase as a "flawed value exchange" based on "overstated synergies", and instituted a [[shareholder rights plan]] and other measures designed to quell the bid,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Armental|first=Maria|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hp-to-buy-back-15-billion-in-stock-to-battle-xerox-takeover-bid-11582578485|title=HP to Buy Back $15 Billion in Stock to Battle Xerox Takeover Bid|date=2020-02-25|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2020-02-28|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228180532/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hp-to-buy-back-15-billion-in-stock-to-battle-xerox-takeover-bid-11582578485|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/25/hp-offers-its-investors-billions-in-shareholder-returns-to-avoid-a-xerox-tie-up/|title=HP offers its investors billions in shareholder returns to avoid a Xerox tie-up|website=TechCrunch|date=February 25, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163321/https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/25/hp-offers-its-investors-billions-in-shareholder-returns-to-avoid-a-xerox-tie-up/|url-status=live}}</ref> which the company believed was being orchestrated by Icahn.<ref name=":0" />

=== 2020s ===
[[Image:Fuji Xerox Multi Copy Printer Maschine.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Fuji Xerox multicopy printer available for use in Japan, 2021]]
In February 2020, Xerox announced the hiring of Tali Rosman as VP of Xerox's 3D business. She joined Xerox from [[NICE Ltd.]], where she was vice president and head of business operations for the Americas. She would report to CTO [[Naresh Shanker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_5005a2d8-8341-52f4-a117-ee1cf61c4449.html|title=Xerox Names Tali Rosman as Vice President, 3D Business|agency=Associated Press|website=Odessa American|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=February 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228084516/https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_5005a2d8-8341-52f4-a117-ee1cf61c4449.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 5, HP revealed that its board of directors had unanimously declined Xerox's $24 a share cash-and-stock offer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/made-hp-dismiss-xeroxs-hostile-130001749.html|title=What Made HP Dismiss Xerox's Hostile Takeover Bid Again?|website=finance.yahoo.com|date=March 9, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=March 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318224434/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/made-hp-dismiss-xeroxs-hostile-130001749.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 13, Xerox revealed that it was putting its campaign to acquire HP on hold by postponing additional presentations, interviews with the press and meetings with HP shareholders. Xerox vice chairman and chief executive John Visentin cited the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as a main reason and said, "In light of the escalating Covid-19 pandemic, Xerox needs to prioritize health and safety of its employees, customers, partners and affiliates over and above all considerations, including its proposal to acquire HP."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/xerox-pauses-campaign-to-take-over-hp-as-coronavirus-pandemic-escalates-11584105335?mod=business_lead_pos4|title=Xerox Pauses Campaign to Take Over HP as Coronavirus Pandemic Escalates|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=March 13, 2020|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163320/https://www.wsj.com/articles/xerox-pauses-campaign-to-take-over-hp-as-coronavirus-pandemic-escalates-11584105335?mod=business_lead_pos4|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 31, 2020, Xerox canceled its $24 a share offer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/xerox-drops-hostile-takeover-bid-for-hp-2020-03-31 |title=Xerox Drops Hostile Takeover Bid For HP |publisher=nasdaq.com |date=31 March 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163330/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/xerox-drops-hostile-takeover-bid-for-hp-2020-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2020, Xerox opened its North Carolina Center of Excellence in Cary, North Carolina.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Center of Excellence |url=https://www.xerox.com/en-us/innovation/north-carolina |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.xerox.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The center includes the research and development operations, the 3-D printing lab, and th eXerox Digital eXperience IT organization.<ref name=":2" />

In September 2021, Xerox announced it was transferring its stock ticker from the [[New York Stock Exchange]] to the [[Nasdaq]] after 60 years. The transfer went into effect on September 21, 2021.<ref name=":1" />

In December 2024, Xerox announced an agreement to acquire [[Lexmark International]], a Chinese-owned maker of printers and printing software based in [[Lexington, Kentucky]], in a $1.5 billion deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |title=Xerox to Buy Printer Maker Lexmark From Chinese Owners |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/deals/xerox-to-buy-printer-maker-lexmark-from-chinese-owners-3207a126 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Six |first=Taylor |date=23 December 2024 |title=Xerox acquires Lexington-based printer manufacturer Lexmark for $1.5 billion |url=https://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article297487988.html |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Lexington Herald Leader}}</ref>

===Digital printing===
The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher [[Gary Starkweather]] by modifying a Xerox 7000 copier.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gladwell |first=Malcolm |date=2011-05-09 |title=Creation Myth |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/16/creation-myth |access-date=2024-07-24 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Xerox management was afraid the product version of Starkweather's invention, which became the 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so the innovation sat in limbo until IBM launched the [[IBM 3800|3800]] laser printer in 1976.
[[File:Xerox 1200.jpg|thumb|Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System]]

The first commercial non-impact printer was the [[Xerox 1200]], introduced in 1973,<ref>{{cite web|last=Vullo|first=Christina|title=Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System|url=http://digitalprinting.blogs.xerox.com/2012/09/flashback-friday-the-xerox-1200-computer-printing-system/#.UnOevlPRe3Q|work=Xerox Blogs|date=September 28, 2012|access-date=November 1, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014630/http://digitalprinting.blogs.xerox.com/2012/09/flashback-friday-the-xerox-1200-computer-printing-system/#.UnOevlPRe3Q|url-status=live}}</ref> based on the 3600 copier. It had an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Jason |title=Printer Manuals: Xerox |url=https://archive.org/details/printer-manuals-xerox?tab=about |website=Internet Archive |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> It was used in [[mainframe computer]] environments for large-volume printing for business applications.<ref name="cw-1984"/>

In 1977, after IBM had produced the first laser printer, the [[Xerox 9700]] was introduced. It was also used in mainframe environments and could handle even larger amounts of paper and printing.<ref name="cw-1984">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVhEPmU8Z6IC&dq=Xerox+1200+to+9700+printer+conversion&pg=PA53 | title=Supplier boosts output with electronic printer | newspaper=Computerworld | date=November 26, 1984 | page=53}}</ref> Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business{{when|date=May 2021}} for Xerox.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DigiBarn Printers: The Story of the Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System |url=https://www.digibarn.com/collections/printers/xerox-9700/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.digibarn.com}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 350 color slide machine. This product allowed the customer to create digital word and graphic 35-millimetre slides. Many of the concepts used in today's photo editing programs were pioneered with this technology.

In 1980, Xerox announced the 5700 laser printer, a much smaller version of their 9700, but with touch-screen capabilities and multiple media input (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc.) and printer 'finishing' options. This product was allegedly never intended to make the commercial markets due to its development cost, but rather to show the innovation of Xerox. It took off with many customers, but was soon replaced with the smaller and lower cost [[Xerox 2700]] Distributed Electronic Printer offering in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/1987.Xerox.FactBook.odd.pdf |title=Xerox 1987 Fact Book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009163322/https://simson.net/page/Main_Page |archive-date=October 9, 2020 }}</ref>

===Palo Alto Research Center===
{{main|Xerox PARC}}
{{stack|[[File:Xerox Alto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Xerox Alto]] workstation was developed at Xerox PARC.]]}}
In 1970, under company president [[Charles Peter McColough|C. Peter McColough]], Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility developed many modern computing technologies such as the [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Laser printer|laser printing]], [[WYSIWYG]] text editors, and [[Ethernet]]. From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the [[Xerox Alto]] in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a modern [[workstation]] or [[personal computer]]. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given its versatile combination of a cathode-ray-type screen, mouse-type pointing device, and a QWERTY-type alphanumeric keyboard. But the Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, worldwide and those of the US Government and military, who could see the potential. Within these sites the individual workstations were connected together by Xerox's own unique LAN, The Ethernet. Data was sent around this system of heavy, yellow, low loss coaxial cable using the packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest [[internetworking]] protocol suites, the [[PARC Universal Packet]] (PUP).{{fact|date=April 2024}}

In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He would let them invest US$1 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1979|r=2}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in exchange for a look at the technology they were working on. Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the [[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]] (Window, Icon, Menu, and Pointing device) system and redirected development of the [[Apple Lisa]] to incorporate these technologies. Jobs is quoted as saying: "They just had no idea what they had."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crovitz |first1=L. Gordon |title=Gordon Crovitz: Who Really Invented the Internet? |journal=Wall Street Journal (Online) |date=2012 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444464304577539063008406518.html?reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

In 1980, Jobs invited several key PARC researchers to join his company so that they could fully develop and implement their ideas.{{fact|date=April 2024}}

[[Image:Xerox Star 8010 (2).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|The Xerox Star 8010]]
In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to the Alto, the [[Xerox Star]]. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies that have subsequently become commonplace in personal computers, such as a bitmapped display, window-based GUI, mouse, [[Ethernet]] networking, [[file server]]s, [[print server]]s, and [[e-mail]]. The Xerox Star and its successor the [[Xerox Daybreak]], despite their technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, retailing at US$16,000 per unit ({{Inflation|US|16000|1981|fmt=eq|r=-3}}). A typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printers, would have cost US$100,000 ({{Inflation|US|100000|1981|fmt=eq|r=-3}}).{{fact|date=April 2024}}

In the mid-1980s, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2018/01/14/apple-xerox-ibm-and-fumbling-the-future/ |title=Apple, Xerox, IBM And Fumbling The Future |last=Press |first=Gil |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=2019-06-04 |archive-date=2019-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604063644/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2018/01/14/apple-xerox-ibm-and-fumbling-the-future/ |url-status=live |date=2018-01-14 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Apple instead bought rights to the Alto GUI and adapted it into a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The [[Macintosh 128K|Apple Macintosh]] was released in 1984, and it was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse among the public.{{fact|date=April 2024}}

In 2002, PARC was spun off into an independent wholly-owned subsidiary of Xerox.<ref name="parcsri"/>

In April 2023, Xerox announced that it would donate the lab and its related assets to [[SRI International]]. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC.<ref name="parcsri">{{cite news |last=Savitz |first=Eric J. |date=2023-04-24 |title=Xerox Gives Legendary PARC Lab to SRI International |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe |newspaper=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230425002458/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe |archive-date=2023-04-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.xerox.com/news/xerox-announces-donation-of-palo-alto-research-center-parc-to-sri-international |title=Xerox Announces Donation of Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to SRI International |date=2023-08-09 |first=Justin |last=Capella |work=Xerox Corporate }}</ref>