Editing Wrangell, Alaska (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Ridpath's Universal history - an account of the origin, primitive condition and ethnic development of the great races of mankind, and of the principal events in the evolution and progress of the (14747328366).jpg |thumb|left|upright|[[Totem pole]]s in Wrangell]]
[[Tlingit people]] and their ancestors have inhabited this island for thousands of years. According to ''Naanyaa.aayí'' clan traditions, Tlingit people migrated down the Stikine River during a time when the river still flowed underneath glaciers. The population slowly moved down the river, settling in different locations such as ''Tlákw.aan'' "Ancient Village", ''Sʼiknáx̱'' "Across from the Grass", ''Shaal.aan'' "Fish Trap Town", ''Xakw.aan'' "Sandbar Village", and ''Kayáash'' "Platform", Hehl (Xel/Xehl) "Foam People", Hehl being the senior of house of the village.

Later settlements on the coast included ''Chʼuxʼáasʼaan'' "Waterfall Town" (now Mill Creek), ''Ḵeishangita.aan'' "Red Alder Head Village" (site of the Wrangell Institute at Shoemaker Bay), ''Kʼaatsʼḵu Noow'' "Among the Sharps Fort" (now Anita Bay), ''An.áan'' "Village that Rests" (now Anan Bear Viewing Area), and many others. The numerous [[petroglyphs]] found at [[Petroglyph Beach State Historic Park|Petroglyph Beach]] just north of Wrangell, as well as those scattered on the beaches of the many islands in the vicinity, attest to the long Tlingit presence.

It is known that the first peoples' coastal migration to the Stikine River came from the south. The Nass River people had several migrations into the area. The "Git Setti" people tell of their migration story in a totem raised in Wrangell in 1894 called "Kickssetti" Totem.

The saltwater inlet now known as Wrangell Harbor was traditionally called ''Ḵaachx̱ana.áakʼw'', literally "''Ḵaachx̱án'''s little lake". Before the harbor mouth was dredged and cleared in the late 19th century, the mouth of this inlet would often go dry at low tide, which led to its being called a lake.

''Ḵaachx̱án'' was a man from the village variously known as ''Ḵaalchʼalʼaan'' (''Kotzlitzan'') or ''Chʼaalʼít.aan,'' meaning "Willow House Village"; or ''Shaax̱ít.aan'' meaning "Driftwood House Village."  The village site today is known as "Old Town" or "Old Wrangell" (located at {{Coord|56|12|28|N|132|16|22|W|type:landmark}}). ''Ḵaachx̱án'' was supposedly a hermit who preferred living away from his relatives, and thus lived in a smokehouse located on the rear shore of the lake named after him.

===19th century===
{{Further|Fort Stikine}}
[[File:Wrangel Village 1868.jpg|thumb|left|Village of Wrangell (Tlingit: Ḵaachx̱ana.áakʼw) in 1868, present-day Front Street]]
Wrangell was founded by Russians as one of the oldest non-Native settlements in Alaska. They started trading for furs with area Tlingit in 1811 at the site of present-day Wrangell. In 1834, Baron [[Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel]], then head of Russian government interests in [[Russian America]], ordered a stockade built near the ''Naanyaa.aayí'' clan house of [[Chief Shakes]], called ''Shéiksh Hídi''. This house was located about {{convert|13|mi|km|0}} north of Old Wrangell, on a small island in the middle of what is today Wrangell Harbor. The stockade, named Redoubt Saint Dionysius (''Редутъ Санктъ Дионисіусъ''), was founded at the location of present-day Wrangell and stood near the end of the small peninsula that forms the northeastern side of the mouth of the harbor.

The British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) leased the fort in 1839 and named the stockade [[Fort Stikine]]. The Tlingit had used the [[Stikine River]] as a trade route to the interior since ancient times, and they protested when the Hudson's Bay Company began to use their trade routes. Two [[epidemic]]s of [[smallpox]] in 1836 and 1840 reduced the Tlingit population in the area by half, as they had no acquired [[immunity (medical)|immunity]], and silenced most of the protest.

The HBC abandoned the fort in 1849 after the area's stocks of [[sea otter]] and [[American Beaver|beaver]] were depleted, thus ending the fur trade. Fort Stikine remained under British rule until Alaska's [[Alaska Purchase|purchase]] by the United States in 1867. In 1868, the U.S. built a military post called '''Fort Wrangell''' at the site, and it remained active until 1877. The community around the post continued to grow through commerce with prospectors in the [[gold rush]]es of 1861, 1874&ndash;77, and 1897. As in [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]], businessmen looking to make money off the miners built many gambling halls, dance halls, and bars. Thousands of miners traveled up the Stikine River into the [[Cassiar, British Columbia|Cassiar District]] of [[British Columbia]] during 1874, and again to the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] in 1897.

[[File:Wrangell, Alaska by LaRoche, c1897.jpg|thumb|right|Bird's Eye view, 1897]]
The [[Wrangell Bombardment]] occurred on December 25, 1869, when a [[Stikine people|Stikine Indian]] named Lowan bit off Mrs. Jaboc Muller's third right finger and was killed in an ensuing fight by soldiers who mortally wounded an additional Stikine Indian. The following morning, Scutd-doo, who was the father of the deceased, entered the fort and shot the post trader's partner [[Leon Smith (naval commander)|Leon Smith]] fourteen times. Smith died about 13 hours later. The US army made an ultimatum demanding Sccutd-doo's surrender, and following bombardment of the Stikine Indian village, the villagers handed Scutd-doo over to the military in the fort, where he was court-martialed and publicly hanged before the garrison and assembled natives on December 29,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FXeNAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22leon+smith%22+1869&pg=PA53 The Aleut Internments of World War II: Islanders Removed from Their Homes by the United States], Russell W. Estlack, page 53</ref> stating before he was hanged that he had acted in revenge against the occupants of the fort for the killing of Lowan and not against Smith in particular.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/16610507/The_1869_Bombardment_of_%E1%B8%B4aachx_an.%C3%A1ak%CA%BCw_from_Fort_Wrangell_U.S._Army_Response_to_Tlingit_Law_Wrangell_Alaska_Washington_DC_American_Battlefield_Preservation_Program_Juneau_AK_Sealaska_Heritage_Institute_2015_._Part_1 The 1869 Bombardment of Ḵaachx̱an.áakʼw from Fort Wrangell: U.S. Army Response to Tlingit Law, Wrangell, Alaska (Washington DC: American Battlefield Preservation Program; Juneau, AK: Sealaska Heritage Institute, 2015). Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019064012/http://www.academia.edu/16610507/The_1869_Bombardment_of_%E1%B8%B4aachx_an.%C3%A1ak%CA%BCw_from_Fort_Wrangell_U.S._Army_Response_to_Tlingit_Law_Wrangell_Alaska_Washington_DC_American_Battlefield_Preservation_Program_Juneau_AK_Sealaska_Heritage_Institute_2015_._Part_1 |date=October 19, 2017 }}, National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program, Zachary Jones</ref><ref>[https://alaskaweb.org/govt/1870warsecyltr.html Report of the commander of the department of Alaska upon the late bombardment of the Indian village at Wrangel, in that Territory, to Congress], Secretary of War, March 21, 1870</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c7XCCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22leon+smith%22+Wrangel&pg=PT87 The War Canoe], Jamie S Bryson</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tdoYAQAAIAAJ&q=%22leon+smith%22+Wrangel History of Alaska: 1730-1885], Hubert Howe Bancroft, 1886, pages 614-6</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JEYUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22leon+smith%22+Wrangel Journal of the West], Lorrin L. Morrison, Carroll Spear Morrison, 1965, page 310</ref>

In 1877, the first [[Presbyterian]] church in Alaska, the first [[Protestant]] church of any kind in the area, was founded near its current location at 220 Church Street. Reverend [[S. Hall Young]], a colleague of [[Sheldon Jackson]], was assigned to the Wrangell mission and arrived on July 10, 1878.<ref>Young, S. Hall. 1927. ''Hall Young of Alaska''. Fleming Revell.</ref> He worked among both miners and Tlingits. He established the Fort Wrangell Tlingit Industrial School to teach young Tlingit men various American trades, such as printing, boatbuilding, and construction. This institution was a parallel to Sheldon Jackson's Sitka Industrial Training School, which became [[Sheldon Jackson College]]. Young's school was the nucleus of the later [[Wrangell Institute]], a [[Indian boarding school|boarding school]] for [[Alaska Natives]] through the mid-20th century.

S. Hall Young was a friend and companion of the [[naturalist]] [[John Muir]], who lived in Wrangell in 1879–1880.<ref>Muir, John. 1909. ''[[Stickeen: An Adventure with a Dog and a Glacier]]''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref><ref>Muir, John. 1915. ''Travels in Alaska''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> Muir and Young traveled up the Stikine River, as well as to [[Kake, Alaska|Kake]], [[Glacier Bay]], and elsewhere in [[Southeast Alaska]]. Young and Muir were accompanied by two Stikine elite men, ''Tʼaawyaat'' ("Toyatte", lit. Long Feather), and ''Kaadaashaan'' ("Kadachan"), as well Sitka Charley, as a young man who was their interpreter in [[Chinook Jargon]] and [[English language|English]].

The oldest Catholic Church in Alaska; St. Rose of Lima, was established at Wrangell May 4, 1879.

Having been Tlingit territory and then under the jurisdiction of [[Russia]], [[Great Britain]], and the United States, Wrangell has the unique status as the only Alaskan city to have been governed under four "flags".

===20th century===
[[File:Scow loaded with salmon at the Alaska Packers Association cannery, Wrangell, Alaska, 1918 (COBB 114).jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Scow loaded with salmon at the [[Alaska Packers Association]] cannery in Wrangell, 1918]]
[[File:Alaska - Wrangell - NARA - 23942649.jpg|thumb|right|Wrangell, 1940s]]
[[Fish traps]] were constructed in the late 1890s on the nearby mouth of the [[Stikine River]] and in the [[Zimovia Strait]]. These contributed to the growth of the fishing and fish canning industries in Wrangell, which provided much of the economic life for the town before the rise of logging in the 1950s. The fish traps caused severe damage to the Stikine River salmon runs, reducing the number of fish that managed to spawn and causing a decline in salmon runs and fishing in the region. After statehood, the new government decommissioned all fish traps in Alaska. The fishing industry remained strong, and continues to be the primary occupation of many residents.

The weekly [[newspaper]], ''[[The Wrangell Sentinel]]'' was founded in 1902 and printed its first issue on November 2 of the same year. The newspaper remains in publication with only a few short periods of inactivity. It is the oldest continuously published [[newspaper in Alaska]].

[[File:Scowload of salmon at cannery dock, Wrangell, Alaska, August 1918 (COBB 116).jpeg|thumb|Scow with salmon is unloaded at a cannery's dock in Wrangell, 1918]]
The renowned Bear Totem Store, built in the 1920s by Walter Waters, housed innumerable examples of Tlingit arts and crafts, as well as a number of irreplaceable [[totem pole]]s. Waters began his business career carrying mail by boat from Wrangell to [[Sulzer, Alaska|Sulzer]]. During this period, he traveled throughout southeast Alaska as a fur buyer. While on business travels, Waters began to acquire Indian artifacts and make valuable contacts with Indian artisans. This eventually enabled him to open his curio shop, The Bear Totem Store. A severe fire in the early 1950s burned much of the downtown area, destroying the Bear Totem Store and most of its contents. Few historic buildings remained after the fire. The disaster dramatically changed the face of Wrangell, and with new buildings the past was lost.

Logging, fishing and tourism are the current mainstays of the Wrangell area economy. One of the last two major sawmills in Southeast Alaska is operated by the Silver Bay Logging Company just south of the city proper.

The community has always been a center of the Tlingit ''Kaach.àdi'', ''Kiks.ádi'' and ''Naanyaa.aayí'' clans and the only home of the ''Kayaashkiditaan'', ''Sʼiknax̱.ádi'', ''X̱ookʼeidí'', ''Kaasx̱ʼagweidí'', and ''Taalḵweidí'' clans.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Traditional Tlingit Map and Tribal List
| publisher = Tlingit Readers, Inc.
| url = http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/Southeast/TlingitMap/
| access-date = June 21, 2009
}}</ref> [[Chief Shakes]] Tribal House, which is known in Tlingit as ''Shéiksh Hídi'' "Shakes House", is a replica of traditional Tlingit houses. It was constructed by CCC crews in the 1930s in the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], according to traditional knowledge and methods. It stands at the original location of Shakes House, on Shakes Island inside Wrangell harbor. Today the [[Wrangell Cooperative Association]], a Tlingit IRA council and the federally recognized tribe for the area, maintains Shakes Island and the House, as well as Totem Park near the city center.

===21st century===
[[File:Shakes Island.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Totem pole]]s at the Shakes house]]
[[File:Wrangell downtown.JPG|thumb|right|Wrangell downtown]]
In an election held on May 6, 2008, to decide whether to upgrade from city to borough status, 63.99% of the votes were in favor of borough status.<ref name=incvote>{{cite web |title=2008 Wrangel Incorporation Election: May 6, 2008: Official Results |date=May 30, 2008 |work=Division of Elections |publisher=State of Alaska |url=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/08WRAI/08wrai_results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408062424/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/08WRAI/08wrai_results.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2010}}</ref> On May 30, 2008, Wrangell was reincorporated as the City and Borough of Wrangell.<ref name="DCRA">{{cite web | url = http://dcra.commerce.alaska.gov/DCBD/municipal%20Certificates/Boroughs/Wrangell_Borough.pdf | title = Certificate of Incorporation of the City and Borough of Wrangell | date = May 30, 2008 | publisher = [[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development]], Division of Community and Regional Affairs (DCRA) | access-date = May 4, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615143831/http://dcra.commerce.alaska.gov/DCBD/Municipal%20Certificates/Boroughs/Wrangell_Borough.pdf | archive-date = June 15, 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Canadian American Donald McConachie Sr. was the first mayor of the CBW. He was succeeded by Jeremy M. Maxand, but was elected in 2012 as mayor again after Maxand declined to seek reelection.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://juneauempire.com/state/2012-10-04/wrangell-race-tips-mcconachie-2-votes#.UHzpr8VX0oh|agency=Juneau Empire|title=Wrangell race tips to McConachie - by 2 votes|date=October 4, 2012|access-date=October 15, 2012|first=Mark|last=Miller}}</ref>

The Wrangell Cooperative Association has commissioned a team to restore Chief Shakes House and the totems at Totem Park. It consists of a master carver, Wayne Price, and six assistants, four of them women, accepted after intensive training in the use of the traditional [[adze]] tool.<ref>[http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12233&Itemid=80 Kate Spielberger, "Wrangell carvers making history renovating site"], AP, Juneau, Alaska, in ''Indian Country News'', November 2011, accessed November 7, 2011</ref>