Editing Winton Motor Carriage Company (section)

==History==
===1896–1903===
In 1896, [[Scot]]tish immigrant [[Alexander Winton]], owner of the Winton Bicycle Company, turned from [[bicycle]] production to an experimental [[single-cylinder]] automobile before starting his car company.<ref name="100 Years" />{{efn|Winton owned a large lakeshore estate in [[Lakewood, Ohio]].<ref>[http://www.historic-structures.com/oh/cleveland/winton_motor_company.php History of Winton Automobile Company] at historic-structures.com</ref> In the mid-1960s, the home was demolished, and an upscale high-rise condominium was constructed aptly named Winton Place.}}

The company was incorporated on March 15, 1897. Its first automobiles were built by hand. Each vehicle had painted sides, padded seats, a leather roof, and gas lamps. [[Goodrich Corporation|B.F. Goodrich]] made the tires.<ref name="Hedgbeth">{{cite web |last=Hedgbeth |first=Llewellyn |title=Winton: The King of Cars |url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/classic-car/winton-the-king-of-cars-1.cfm |work=secondchancegarage.com |access-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216075408/http://www.secondchancegarage.com/classic-car/winton-the-king-of-cars-1.cfm |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

By this time, Winton had already produced two fully operational prototype automobiles. In May of that year, the 10&nbsp;hp (7.5&nbsp;kW) model achieved the astonishing speed of {{cvt|33.64|mph}} on a test around a Cleveland [[horse track]]. However, the new invention was still subject to much skepticism , so to prove his automobile's durability and usefulness, Alexander Winton had his car undergo an {{cvt|800|mi|km|adj=on}} endurance run from Cleveland to [[New York City]].<ref name="Hedgbeth" />

On March 24, 1898, Robert Allison of [[Port Carbon, Pennsylvania]], became the first person to buy a Winton automobile after seeing the first automobile advertisement in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref name="Hedgbeth" /> Later that year the Winton Motor Carriage Company sold 21 more vehicles,<ref name="100 Years"/> including one to [[James Ward Packard]], who later founded the [[Packard]] automobile company after Winton challenged a very dissatisfied Packard to do better.<ref name="Clymer 1877">{{cite book |last=Clymer |first=Floyd |title=Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 |location=New York |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1950}}</ref>{{rp|58}} This is the [[Lamborghini#Origin|same mistake]] that [[Enzo Ferrari]] would make with [[Ferruccio Lamborghini]].

Winton sold his first manufactured semi-truck in 1899. More than one hundred Winton vehicles were sold that year,<ref name="100 Years">{{cite book |title=100 Years of the American Auto |edition=Millennium |year=1999 |publisher=Publications International, Ltd.}}</ref>{{rp|23}} making the company the largest manufacturer of gasoline-powered automobiles in the United States. This success led to the opening of the first automobile dealership by Mr. H. W. Koler<ref name="wintonfamily">{{cite web |title=The Family of Winton |url=http://www2.thesetonfamily.com:8080/directory/family_of_winton.htm |access-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601061036/http://www2.thesetonfamily.com:8080/directory/family_of_winton.htm |archive-date=2013-06-01}}</ref> in [[Reading, Pennsylvania]]. To deliver the vehicles, in 1899, Winton built the first automobile hauler in America.<ref name="Hedgbeth" /> One of these 1899 Wintons was purchased by [[Larz Anderson]] and his new wife, [[Isabel Weld Perkins]].{{efn|The vehicle is displayed at [[Larz Anderson Auto Museum]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Hedgbeth" />}}

Publicity generated sales. In 1901, the news that both [[Reginald Vanderbilt]] and [[Alfred Vanderbilt]] had purchased Winton automobiles boosted the company's image substantially. Models at the time were a two-passenger Runabout with a one-cylinder engine (8&nbsp;hp) and a four-passenger Touring and Mail Delivery Van, also with a one-cylinder engine (9&nbsp;hp).<ref name="Kimes 1996">{{cite book |last=Kimes |first=Beverly |title=Standard catalog of American Cars 1805–1942 |year=1996 |page=1556 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=0-87341-428-4}}</ref> That year, Winton lost a race at [[Grosse Pointe]] to [[Henry Ford]]. Winton vowed a comeback and win. He produced the 1902 Winton Bullet, which set an unofficial [[land speed record]] of {{cvt|70|mph}} in Cleveland that year. The Bullet was defeated by another Ford by famed driver [[Barney Oldfield]], but two more Bullet race cars were built.

In 1903, Dr. [[Horatio Nelson Jackson]] made the first successful automobile drive across the United States.<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|156}} On a $50 bet (equal to ${{Inflation|US|50|1903|fmt=c}} today), he purchased a slightly used two-cylinder, {{cvt|20|hp}} Winton touring car and hired a mechanic, Sewall K. Crocker (April 7, 1883 – April 22, 1913), to accompany him. Starting in [[San Francisco, California]], ending in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City, New York]]. The trip lasted 63 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes, including breakdowns and delays while waiting for parts to arrive (especially in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Ralph |title=The American Automobile |url=https://archive.org/details/americanautomobi00stei |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House |year=1971}}</ref>) The two men often drove miles out of the way to find a passable road, repeatedly hoisted the Winton up and over rocky terrain and mud holes with a [[block and tackle]], or were pulled out of soft sand by horse teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_24.html |title=Winton touring car |website=SI.edu |date=2 November 2016 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> In 1903, there were only 150 miles of paved road in the entire country, all inside city limits. There were no road signs or maps. They once paid the exorbitant price of $5 for five gallons of gasoline ($178 in 2024 dollars). Jackson and Crocker followed rivers and streams, transcontinental railroad tracks, sheep trails, and dirt back roads.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Ken (Director) |last=Burns |title=Horatio's Drive; America's First Road Trip |year=2003 |medium=Documentary film}}</ref>{{efn|Jackson's Winton is part of the collections at the [[National Museum of American History]].}} The car is now part of the permanent collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Museum of American History]] after Jackson himself donated the vehicle to the museum where it can still be seen on display. <ref name="Duncan">{{cite book |last1 = Duncan |first1 = Dayton |url = https://archive.org/details/horatiosdriveame00dunc |title = Horatio's Drive: America's First Road Trip |last2 = Burns |first2 = Ken |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |year = 2003 |isbn = 0-375-41536-X |edition = 1st |location = New York |url-access = registration |name-list-style = amp }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="190px">
File:Winton auto ad car-1898.jpg|1898 Winton Motor Carriage Company's first automobile ad
Image:1899Winton.jpg|1899 Winton [[Stanhope body|Stanhope]]
Image:1903 Gordon Bennett Trophy. Athy, Ireland. Alexander Winton in the Winton Bullet 2.jpg|[[Gordon Bennett Cup in auto racing|1903 Gordon Bennett Trophy]], [[Athy]], [[Ireland]]; [[Alexander Winton]] in the ''Winton Bullet 2''
Image:HoratioJacksonNelson.jpg|1903 [[Horatio Nelson Jackson]] in his two-seat Winton [[touring car|tourer]], "[[Vermont (automobile)|The Vermont]]", drives across America
</gallery>

===1904–1924===
The 1904 Winton was a five-passenger [[tonneau]]-equipped tourer which sold for [[USD|US$]]2,500. By contrast, the Enger 40 was US$2,000,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|104}} the [[F-A-L Motor Company|FAL]] US$1,750,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|104}} an [[Oakland Motor Car|Oakland]] 40 US$1,600,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|84}} the Cole 30<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|104}} and [[Colt Runabout Company|Colt Runabout]] US$1,500,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|63}} while the (1913) [[Lozier]] Light Six Metropolitan started at US$3,250,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|111}} [[American Motor Car Company|American]]'s lowest-priced model was US$4,250,<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|91}} and Lozier's Big Six were US$5,000 and up.<ref name="Clymer 1877" />{{rp|111}}

::'''Models (1904)'''
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Engine !! HP !! Wheelbase !! Transmission
|-
|Touring-5p. ||Two-cylinder ||20 ||94.5" ||2-speed sliding-gear<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/Misc%20Brochures/Autos%20of%201904%20Booklet/Autos%20of%201904-10.html |website=oldcarbrochures.com |title=Miscellaneous Brochures and Data / Autos of 1904 Booklet}}</ref>
|-
|Touring-5p. ||Four-cylinder ||24 ||104" ||2-speed sliding-gear
|}

Winton's flat-mounted water-cooled [[straight-twin engine]], situated amidships of the car, produced {{cvt|20|hp}}. The channel and angle steel-framed car weighed {{cvt|2,300|lb}}.

::'''Models (1914)'''<ref name="Kimes 1996"/>
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Model !! Engine !! HP !! Wheelbase
|-
|Model 20 ||Six-cylinder ||48.6 ||130"
|}

Winton continued to successfully market automobiles to upscale consumers through the 1910s, but sales began to fall in the early 1920s. This was due to the very conservative nature of the company, both in terms of technical development and styling. Only one sporting model was offered — the Sport Touring, with the majority of Wintons featuring tourer, sedan, limousine and town car styling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spajic |first=Igor |title=Vintage Cars of 'The Great Gatsby' — Winton Six |url=http://www.vintagecarheritage.com/vintage-cars-of-the-great-gatsby-winton-six/ |work=vintagecarheritage.com |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> The Winton Motor Carriage Company ceased automobile production on February 11, 1924.

::'''Models (1922)'''<ref name="Kimes 1996"/>
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Model !! Engine !! HP !! Wheelbase
|-
|Model 40 ||Six-cylinder ||70/72 ||132"
|}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Image:WintonTouringCar1908.jpg|1908 Winton [[touring car]]
Image:Winton-auto 1910-0514.jpg|Winton advertisement in ''Des Moines Capital'', May 14, 1910
File:Winton_Six_advertisement.jpg|Winton Motor Company advertisement, 1911<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tom |date=2013-09-14 |title=1911 Advertisement for Winton Six at Mt. Royal and North Ave. |url=https://ghostsofbaltimore.org/2013/09/14/1911-advertisement-winton-six-mt-royal-north-ave/ |website=Ghosts of Baltimore |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
Image:1910Winton.jpg|1910 Winton Six
File:111-SC-18384 - NARA - 55196832 (cropped).jpg|1918 Winton Six Model 33 [[Limousine]]
File:Winton at Cleveland Classic Cars (34719672554).jpg|1922 Winton Six Model 40 seven-passenger touring
</gallery>

===Winton Engine Company===
In 1912, Winton started producing diesel engines for stationary and marine use, and gasoline engines for heavy vehicles, independent of Winton's automobile production. The subsidiary '''Winton Engine Company''' remained successful while Winton's automotive sales went into decline, and would outlive the Winton Motor Carriage Company. Winton became the main supplier of engines for [[Doodlebug (rail car)|internal combustion-electric powered railcars]] in the 1920s.

===Sale to General Motors===
On June 20, 1930, Winton Engine Company was sold to [[General Motors]] and on June 30 was reorganized as the '''Winton Engine Corporation''' subsidiary of General Motors. It produced the first practical [[two-stroke diesel engine]]s in the 400-to-1,200&nbsp;hp (300 to 900&nbsp;kW) range, which powered the early [[diesel locomotive]]s of [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Corporation]] (another General Motors subsidiary), as well as [[United States Navy]] [[submarine]]s. In 1934, a Winton eight-cylinder, {{cvt|600|hp|kW}} 8-201-A diesel engine powered the revolutionary streamlined passenger train the [[Pioneer Zephyr|Burlington ''Zephyr'']], the first American diesel-powered mainline train. The Winton Engine Corporation provided 201 Series engines for rail use until late 1938, when it was reorganized as the General Motors '''[[Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]''', which produced the [[EMD 567|GM 567]] series locomotive engines, and other large diesels for marine and stationary use. In 1941, locomotive engine production became part of General Motors [[Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD). In 1962, Cleveland Diesel was absorbed by Electro-Motive Division, which remains in business today as a subsidiary of [[Progress Rail]].<ref name=TugCleveland>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Diesel Model 278A |url=http://www.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org/pages/tugmach-diesel-historic-CDED-278A.htm |work=Old Marine Engines |publisher=Tugboat Enthusiasts Society of the Americas |access-date=2013-03-03}}</ref><ref name=Pinkepank(73)>{{cite book |last=Pinkpank |first=Jerry A. |title=The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide |year=1973 |publisher=Kalmbach Books |lccn=66-22894 |pages=25–26}}</ref>

===Marine engines===
Winton and Cleveland engines were used widely by the U.S. Navy in [[World War II]], powering submarines, destroyer escorts, and numerous auxiliaries. The Winton engines were systematically replaced with the more reliable Cleveland Diesel engines during refittings during the war.<ref name=TugCleveland /><ref name="Silverstone(66)">{{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H |year=1966 |title=U.S. Warships of World War II |publisher=Doubleday and Company |pages=164–167}}</ref><ref name="Jane's(98)">{{cite book |last=McCurtie |first=Francis E. |year=1998 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II |publisher=Crescent Books (Random House) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/288 288, 290–291] |isbn=0517-67963-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/288}}</ref><ref name="NavSource SS-285">{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08285a.htm |title=NavSource USS ''Balabo'' SS-285 |work=Photographic History of the U.S. Navy |publisher=NavSource Naval History |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010747/http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08285a.htm |archive-date=2012-10-25}}</ref><ref name="NavSource DE 99">{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/099.htm |title=NavSource USS ''Cannon'' DE 99 |work=Photographic History of the U.S. Navy |publisher=NavSource Naval History |access-date=2013-03-04}}</ref><ref name="NavSource ATA 121">{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/38/38121.htm |title=NavSource USS ''Sotoyomo'' ATA 121 |work=Photographic History of the U.S. Navy |publisher=NavSource Naval History |access-date=2013-03-04}}</ref>