Editing Winston-Salem, North Carolina (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Winston-Salem, North Carolina}}
[[Siouan]]-speaking tribes such as the [[Cheraw]] and the [[Keyauwee Indians]] inhabited the area. Followers of the [[Moravian Church]] had interacted with [[Cherokee]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wfdd.org/story/carolina-curious-who-are-indigenous-people-winston-salem | title=Carolina Curious: Who Are the Indigenous People of Winston-Salem? | date=June 23, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STXqCQAAQBAJ&q=winston+salem+cherokee | title=Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life | isbn=9780807860052 | last1=Bender | first1=Margaret | date=3 April 2003 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> The city of Winston-Salem is a product of the merging of the two neighboring towns of Winston and Salem in 1913.

===History of Salem===
[[File:Bethabara Historic Park-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bethabara Moravian Church]], built in 1788, is part of the [[Bethabara Historic District]].]]
The origin of the town of Salem dates to 1753, when Bishop [[August Gottlieb Spangenberg]], on behalf of the [[Moravian Church]], selected a settlement site in the three forks of [[Muddy Creek (Deep River tributary)|Muddy Creek]]. He called this area "die Wachau" ([[Latin]] form [[Wachovia Tract|''Wachovia'']]) after the ancestral estate of [[Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf|Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf]].
The land, just short of {{convert|99000|acre|km2}}, was subsequently purchased from [[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville]].

On November 17, 1753, the first settlers arrived at what would later become the town of [[Bethabara Historic District|Bethabara]]. This town, despite its rapid growth, was not designed to be the primary settlement on the tract. Some residents expanded to a nearby settlement, called [[Bethania, North Carolina|Bethania]], in 1759. Finally, lots were drawn to select among suitable sites for the location of a new town.

The town established on the chosen site was given the name of Salem (from "Shalom", Hebrew meaning "Peace", after the Canaanite city mentioned in the [[Book of Genesis]]) chosen for it by the Moravians' late patron Count [[Zinzendorf]]. On January 6, 1766, the first tree was felled for the building of Salem. Salem was a typical Moravian settlement congregation, with the public buildings of the congregation grouped around a central square (today [[Salem Square]]). These included the church, a Brethren's House, and a Sisters' House for the unmarried members of the congregation, which owned all the property in town. For many years, only members of the Moravian Church were permitted to live in the settlement. This practice had ended by the [[American Civil War]]. Many of the original buildings in the settlement have been restored or rebuilt and are now part of [[Old Salem|Old Salem Museums & Gardens]].<ref name="winston-salem book">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFIg7mDiPlEC|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|year=1997|page=1|title=From Congregation Town to Industrial City |first=Michael|last=Shirley|isbn=978-0-8147-8086-2}}</ref>

Salem was incorporated as a town in December 1856.<ref>Michael and Martha Hartley. "Town of Salem Survey". 1999. Prepared for NC Division of Archives and History.</ref> Salem Square and [[God's Acre Cemetery (Old Salem)|God's Acre Cemetery]], the Moravian graveyard, have been the site of the Moravian [[sunrise service]] each [[Easter]] morning since 1772. This service, sponsored by all the Moravian church parishes in the city, attracts thousands of worshipers each year, some from overseas.<ref name="Drabble">{{Cite news |url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/thousands-flock-to-easter-sunrise-service-in-old-salem/article_cb5d6bca-dbe8-11e4-b497-07b8d10e9049.html |title=Thousands flock to Easter sunrise service in Old Salem |last=Drabble |first=Jenny |date=Apr 5, 2015 |work=Winston-Salem Journal |access-date=Dec 22, 2017}}</ref>

===History of Winston===
In 1849, the Salem Congregation sold land north of Salem to the newly formed [[Forsyth County, North Carolina|Forsyth County]] for a county seat. The new town was called "the county town" or Salem until 1851, when it was renamed Winston for a local hero of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], [[Joseph Winston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofws.org/home-center/discover-winston-salem/history/town-of-winston-history |title=City of Winston-Salem &#124; Town of Winston History |website=Cityofws.org |access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref> For its first two decades, Winston was a sleepy community. In 1868, work began by Salem and Winston business leaders to connect the town to the [[North Carolina Railroad]].<ref>Hartley. 1999.</ref> By the 1880s, there were many different tobacco factories in the town, with notable ones owned by Pleasant Hanes and [[R. J. Reynolds|R.J. Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tobacco Industry and Winston-Salem |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/tobacco-industry-and-winston |access-date=December 13, 2022 |website=NCpedia}}</ref> Pleasant Hanes would later go on to found [[Hanes]] (formerly called Shamrock Knitting Mills) in 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Journal Staff |title=Northwest Almanac: Shamrock Knitting Mills helped build Winston-Salem |url=https://journalnow.com/news/local/northwest-almanac-shamrock-knitting-mills-helped-build-winston-salem/article_1da40381-c52f-52de-995d-44ca40e53991.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Winston-Salem Journal|date=March 19, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

===Merger of Winston-Salem===
[[File:Winston-Salem 1891.jpg|thumb|left|Winston-Salem, 1891]]
Robert Gray, as a featured speaker at the 1876 centennial celebration, was the first to mention the two towns as one. In the 1880s, the US Post Office began referring to the two towns together as Winston-Salem. In 1899, after nearly a decade of contention, the [[United States Post Office Department]] established the Winston-Salem post office in Winston, with the former Salem office serving as a branch. After a referendum the towns were officially incorporated as "Winston-Salem" in 1913.

The [[R. J. Reynolds|Reynolds family]], namesake of the [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]], played a large role in the history and public life of Winston-Salem. By the 1940s, 60% of Winston-Salem workers worked either for Reynolds or in the Hanes textile factories.<ref name="winston-salem">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQTmb8DBvIMC
|publisher=John F. Blair, publisher
|year=1994|pages=110–11, 183
|title=Winston-Salem: A History |first=Frank |last=Tursi
|isbn=978-0-89587-115-2}}</ref> The Reynolds company imported so much French cigarette paper and Turkish tobacco for [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel cigarettes]] that Winston-Salem was designated by the United States federal government as an official port of entry for the United States, despite the city being {{convert|200|mi|km}} inland.<ref name="winston-salem" /> Winston-Salem was the eighth-largest port of entry in the United States by 1916.<ref name="winston-salem" /> In 1917, the Reynolds company bought {{convert|84|acre|m2}} of property in Winston-Salem and built 180 houses that it sold at cost to workers, to form a development called "[[Reynoldstown Historic District (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)|Reynoldstown]]".<ref name="winston-salem" /> By the time [[R.J. Reynolds]] died in 1918, his company owned 121 buildings in Winston-Salem.<ref name="winston-salem" />

In 1920, with a population of 48,395, Winston-Salem was the largest city in [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingplaces.com/NC/Forsyth_County/Winston-Salem_City/Washington_Park_Historic_District.html|title=Washington Park Historic District|website=Livingplaces.com|access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/article_c86ef7a8-b77d-11e2-b9c9-0019bb30f31a.html|title=Merger of Winston, Salem allowed seeds of industry to sprout|work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]]|date=2013-05-08|access-date=2014-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Wellman">{{cite book|publisher=Historic Winston|year=1976|volume=8|page=5|title=Winston-Salem in History |first1=Manly Wade|first2=Larry Edward|last1=Wellman|last2=Tise}}</ref>

In 1929, the [[Reynolds Building]] was completed in Winston-Salem. Designed by [[William F. Lamb]] from the architectural firm [[Shreve, Lamb and Harmon]], the Reynolds Building is a {{convert|314|ft|m|adj=on}} skyscraper that has 21 floors.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=reynoldsbuilding-winstonsalem-nc-usa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220090805/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=reynoldsbuilding-winstonsalem-nc-usa|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 20, 2007|title=Reynolds Building|website=Emporis.com|access-date=2008-07-10}}</ref><ref name="nominated">{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/panel-oks-nomination-of-rjr-building-for-registry/article_fdb9f50e-3faf-52a5-afb0-95518d803e1f.html|title=Panel OKs nomination of RJR building for register |last=Craver|first=Richard|work=Winston-Salem Journal|date=2014-05-08|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> When completed as the headquarters of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, it was the tallest building in the United States south of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and it was named the best building of the year by the [[American Institute of Architects]].<ref name="sale">{{cite news|url=http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2009/nov/23/home-of-rjr-on-the-market/news/|title=Home of RJR on the market|work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]]|last=Craver|first=Richard|date=2009-11-23|access-date=2009-11-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091125102727/http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2009/nov/23/home-of-rjr-on-the-market/news/|archive-date=2009-11-25}}</ref> The building is well known for being the predecessor and prototype for the much larger [[Empire State Building]], which was built in 1931 in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/construction-buildings/167637-1.html |title=Reynolds Building|website=Allbusiness.com|access-date=2008-09-18}}</ref>

In 1892, [[Simon Green Atkins]] founded Slater Industrial Academy, which later became [[Winston-Salem State University]], a public [[HBCU]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/winston-salem-state-university/ |title=Winston-Salem State University|last=Martin|first=Jonathan|date=March 7, 2016 |publisher=North Carolina History Project|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> In 1956, Wake Forest College, now known as [[Wake Forest University]], moved to Winston-Salem from its original location in [[Wake Forest, North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/wake-forest-university/|title=Wake Forest University|last=Williams|first=Shane|date=March 7, 2016 |publisher=North Carolina History Project|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

Winston-Salem was officially dubbed the "City of Arts and Innovation" in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/it-s-official-city-of-arts-and-innovation/article_d5f82778-40ac-5324-be83-af8616f2af49.html|title=It's official: 'City of Arts and Innovation'|last=Journal|first=Wesley Young/Winston-Salem|website=Winston-Salem Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>

===Notable early businesses===
* In 1799, the [[C. Winkler Bakery]], noted for its [[Moravian spice cookies|Moravian cookies]], was commissioned, and in 1807, the congregation brought in [[Christian Winkler]] of Pennsylvania to operate the bakery; his family owned and operated the business until 1929. It continues to operate today as part of [[Old Salem]].
* In 1875, R. J. Reynolds founded [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]], later famous for branded products such as Prince Albert pipe tobacco (1907) and [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] cigarettes (1913). Other brands that it made famous are [[Winston (cigarette)|Winston]], [[Salem (cigarette)|Salem]], [[Doral (cigarette)|Doral]], and [[Eclipse (cigarette)|Eclipse]] cigarettes. The Winston-Salem area is still the primary international manufacturing center for Reynolds brands of cigarettes, although employment is down from its peak of nearly 30,000 to under 3,000.
* In 1901, [[John Wesley Hanes I|J. Wesley Hanes']] [[Shamrock Mills|Shamrock Hosiery Mills]] in Winston-Salem began making men's socks. Shortly afterward, his brother Pleasant Henderson Hanes founded the [[P.H. Hanes Knitting Company]], which manufactured men's underwear. The two firms eventually merged to become the Hanes Corporation, now known as [[Hanes]]brands, manufacturing [[textile industry|textiles]].
* In 1906, the Bennett Bottling Company produced Bennett's Cola, a "Fine Carbonic Drink". The name was changed to Winston-Salem Bottling Works in 1915.
* In 1911, [[Wachovia|Wachovia Bank and Trust]] was formed by the merger of Wachovia National Bank (founded in 1879 by James Alexander Gray and William Lemly) and Wachovia Loan and Trust (founded 1893). The company was purchased by [[First Union]] in 2001, which changed its name to Wachovia. Wachovia was purchased by [[Wells Fargo]] in 2009, and the Wachovia name was retired in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91068158/1911-01-12/ed-1/seq-7|title=The French Broad hustler. volume (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1896-1912, January 12, 1911, Image 7|newspaper=The French Broad Hustler|date=1911-01-12|issn=2375-902X|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>
* In 1928, Miller's Clothing Store was opened by Mrs. Henry Miller. Miller's Variety Store operated at the same location at 622 North Trade Street until closing at the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drabble |first1=Jenny |title=Miller's Variety Store to close after 88 years in Winston-Salem |url=https://journalnow.com/news/local/millers-variety-store-to-close-after-88-years-in-winston-salem/article_5a80cd24-6b8e-51cc-ba1c-ea665af98078.html |website=Winston-Salem Journal |date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Miller's was the first store in Winston-Salem to offer [[bell-bottoms]] in the area in the 1960s. Miller's was listed by ''Playboy'' magazine in 1968 as a popular place to shop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fam |date=2016-09-11 |title=Miller's Variety is leaving the building… |url=https://northcarolinaroom.wordpress.com/2016/09/10/millers-varietyis-leaving-the-building/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=North Carolina Collection |language=en}}</ref>
* In 1929, the local T.W. Garner Foods introduced [[Texas Pete]], a popular hot sauce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texaspete.com/about/|title=The History of Texas Pete|publisher=Texas Pete|access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
* In 1929, Quality Oil Company was organized in December 1929, initially to launch a distributorship for the then-little-known [[Shell Oil Company]].
* In 1934, [[Malcom McLean|Malcolm Purcell McLean]] formed McLean Trucking Co. The firm benefited from the tobacco and textile industry headquartered in Winston-Salem, and became the second-largest trucking firm in the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/02/05/meridian-to-buy-mclean-trucking/d8e01a06-4fd5-4f66-a371-961cd1058d09/|title=Meridian to buy McLean Trucking|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 5, 1982|access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
* In 1937, [[Krispy Kreme]] opened its first doughnut shop on South Main Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.krispykreme.com/about-us/history |title=Our Story |publisher=Krispy Kreme |access-date=2017-04-02 |archive-date=2018-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118081549/http://www.krispykreme.com/about-us/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 1945, Piedmont Bible College opened (now [[Carolina University]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carolinau.edu/about/history|title=History - Piedmont International University|website=Piedmontu.edu|language=en-us|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> 
* In 1948, [[Piedmont Airlines (1948–1989)|Piedmont Airlines]] was formed out of the old Camel City Flying Service. The airline was based at [[Smith Reynolds Airport]] in Winston-Salem but marked its first commercial flight out of [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], on February 20, 1948. Piedmont grew to become one of the top airlines in the country before its purchase by USAir (later [[US Airways]], merged with [[American Airlines]] in 2015) in 1987. American Airlines maintains a reservation center in the old Piedmont reservations office.