Editing Winfield Township, New Jersey (section)

==History==
[[File:Winfield Mutual Housing Corporation building, Winfield Twp., NJ, Oct. 2024.jpg|thumb|right|Offices of the Winfield Mutual Housing Corporation]]
The Winfield Park Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Project (Project No. 28071) is a 700-unit development of 254 buildings that were originally planned and developed by and built for the defense workers of the [[Kearny, New Jersey]], [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company|shipyards]]. This was the last of eight projects undertaken by the [[Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division]] of the [[Federal Works Agency]] under the leadership of [[Lawrence Westbrook (politician)|Colonel Lawrence Westbrook]]. In earlier stages, Winfield Park was known as the [[Rahway River]] Park Project. [[John T. Rowland]] served as the project's architect.<ref>"Development of a Park Site", ''Architectural Record'', Volume 90, Number 5, November 1941, p. 86-87</ref> Winfield Park is located almost immediately off of exit 136 of the [[Garden State Parkway]]; the municipalities of [[Cranford, New Jersey|Cranford]], [[Linden, New Jersey|Linden]] and [[Clark, New Jersey|Clark]] surround Winfield Township, a governmental entity established to enclose the Winfield Park Project. The Township is bordered on three sides by the [[Rahway River]] and Rahway River Park (which adds substantially to the park-like setting envisioned by the planners). Units range in size and type from single-family homes to two-story (plus basement) two- and three-bedroom apartments, better known today as Townhouses; to one-story (plus basement) two-bedroom apartments; and one-bedroom apartments, better known to residents as "bachelors." Within the town are located an elementary school, two-store shopping center and Senior Citizen Hall, Community Center, Mutual Housing Office, and Garage, Volunteer Fire and Ambulance Squad Building, and Municipal Building/Police Office.

The defense workers of the [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company|Kearny Shipyards]] had advocated early in 1940 for housing to be developed in the northern [[New Jersey]] area. These workers were early and vocal supporters of the National Housing for Defense Act of 1940, also known as the [[Fritz Lanham|Lanham]] Act, and the [[Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division|mutual housing]] program. In January, 1941, a report on the housing requirements of the northern New Jersey area indicated that 1000 units were needed. The Defense Housing Coordinator approved the construction of a 300-unit project in the [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]/ [[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]] area and a 700-unit project "to be built as a project itself sponsored by a responsible committee of the defense workers who will live in them." The housing committee had seven working policies that it had developed and that it wanted to apply to the workers' housing, all of which they believed conformed with the original intentions of the [[Fritz Lanham|Lanham]] Act of 1940 ("The housing is to be wherever feasible of a permanent nature, and after the emergency has passed these homes are to be disposed of, and in that way the Government is to recoup the initial investment... and they will be available for permanent homes." The cost per unit was set at, and not permitted to exceed $3000.00.) and fit well within the [[Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division|mutual housing program]].

<blockquote>
1. Management of all community affairs, including relations with local government, should be in the hands of the residents of the new project.<br>
2. Each unit should be assessable for its portion of local taxes, and every effort needs to be made "that both houses and householders should be easily and naturally assimilated into the normal scheme of the locality."<br>
3. The Federal Works Agency (FWA) would provide all streets, sewers, parks, and all other facilities for the project.<br>
4. All dwellings built for civilian defense workers should be sold as a group to local housing corporation as soon as they are completed.<br>
5. All [[Shareholder|stockholders]] in the project are, and should be considered as, householders.<br>
6. All management and operating procedures must be carried out under the direction of the local corporation, and not under the direction of the federal government.<br>
7. [[Housing Corporation]] must enter into a [[contract of sale]], rather than a [[rental agreement]], with each householder.
</blockquote>

Although the committee was completely convinced of the quality of the mutual ownership program itself, they did insist on improvements in the quality of the units over those that had been first designed and built for the [[Audubon Park, New Jersey|Audubon Park]] project. They especially insisted on the construction of full basements for their new homes.<ref>House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 3213, p.228-230, 233; Elizabeth Daily Journal, Nov. 29, 1941, June 29, 1941.</ref>

===Choosing the site===
[[Image:Mary Burke 1941 Winfield.jpg|thumb|Mary Louise Burke in front of her new home at 1B Seafoam Avenue, Spring, 1942. Winfield Park, Winfield Township, New Jersey.]]
The first major job that faced the development committee was finding and selecting a suitable site for a 700-unit housing project in northern [[New Jersey]]. The [[United States Housing Authority]] provided two site selection experts, and the [[New Jersey State Planning Commission]] assisted in the site selection process. The final location had to be relatively inexpensive to purchase, near major utility networks for water, gas, electric, and sewer connections, and be in a financially stable host community with underutilized public facilities and services. Major urban areas in northern New Jersey were eliminated early because no plots of land were large enough for the project. The marshy rural areas near the shipyards were also found unacceptable early on. Quickly the committee began focusing its attention on the surrounding suburban communities, which were very popular among its work constituency. Suburban communities lacked financial stability because they lacked the industrial base necessary to keep residential property taxes low. The people of these prospective host communities were also frightened that the new project would be a direct liability rather than an asset for their towns.

Early resistance from potential host communities over financial impact concerns meant that the committee had two choices: to stop the project and wait for the problems to be resolved or push ahead, utilizing the powers granted in the [[Lanham Act]] powers to overrule local resistance, but creating a great deal of friction that could potentially affect the project's future success. The housing need was so great, though, that the only viable choice was the second one, and they pushed forward to find a site. Consciously attempting to avoid conflict, the committee tried to assure potential host communities that projects built within the mutual ownership program would pay real taxes and not make payments in place of taxes as outlined in the Lanham Act of 1940. They also petitioned the [[United States Congress]] to provide additional funds to host communities that would allow them to expand [[public services]] and facilities without imposing additional local taxes. But the financial concerns of the residents only served to exacerbate other local fears about the new project. Many defense workers took these other fears very personally.

<blockquote>
"Realizing that such an influx of families would engulf them (host community) in a tidal wave of financial difficulty, the municipal government of the various towns considered, stirred up a tremendous opposition to the project and the people to live in it with untrue and unjust charges such as decreased realty values, 'tax exempt properties,' 'lower class of people,' and so forth, which are all obviously false. We are a class of people who are gainfully employed, we are law abiding, decent, and respectable, and we are Americans."
</blockquote>

Seven potential host communities were eventually identified and researched. The committee named [[Union Township, Union County, New Jersey|Union Township]], New Jersey as their final choice, but under intense community and [political pressure] this decision was reversed, and [[Clark, New Jersey]] was selected as the final site of the project. Colonel [[Lawrence Westbrook (politician)|Lawrence Westbrook]], Special Assistant in the Federal Works Agency with responsibility for the [[Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division]], wrote the following letter to Union Township opponents of the project, clearly showing his frustration.

<blockquote>
"Your letter to Congressmen [[Donald H. McLean|McLean]] protesting the location of a proposed defense housing project in [[Union Township, Union County, New Jersey|Union Township]] has been referred to this office. This is to advise you that a decision has been made to locate the project in [[Clark, New Jersey|Clark Township]]. It is desired to make it entirely clear, however, that in reaching this decision this office in no manner agrees that the numerous protests received from various persons and organizations in Union Township were based upon valid premises. We feel certain that if you and the other protesters had been acquainted with all of the facts in the situation, you would not have filed your protest. On the contrary, it is believed that you would have urged the Government to locate the project in your township. Since the project will be undertaken in your immediate neighborhood, you will have ample opportunity to determine whether or not the disadvantages to the community, as claimed by your Mayor, were based upon sound facts."
</blockquote>

Clark Township's municipal government had been very desirous of the siting of the project in their township. It had extended an invitation to the Federal Works Agency after the Union Township protests had erupted. However, the reaction of Clark's residents to the project indicates that the Township Committee did not have a good understanding of the actual desires of their [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 3213, p.230, 231, 235, 237, 233, 244; House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 5211, p. 153, 169,170–173, 225; Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, pt.8 p,.6066; Elizabeth Daily Journal, April 2, 1941, p, July 29, 1941, Nov. 29, 1941.</ref>

===Clark Township protests===
The residents of [[Clark, New Jersey|Clark]]—in 1940, a rural community of 350 homes and 1,250 registered voters—were first informed of their municipality's selection as the final site of the 700-unit mutual housing project at a town meeting on April 1, 1941. During the meeting, a letter from [http://newdeal.feri.org/bios/bio8.htm John Carmody], Federal Works Administrator, was read to the residents, in which he said:

<blockquote>
"I am glad to say that a decision has been reached to construct this project in your township, and I want to take this occasion to thank you and your associates on the Township Committee for your intelligent and patriotic attitude."
</blockquote>

But the residents of Clark were not moved by Mr. Carmody's supportive words. One local paper reported that

<blockquote>
"Joseph Aaron, who came up from his winter home in Florida to attend the session, demanded the ousting of the Township Committee. Several spirited sallies of this type marked the meeting, the largest gathering of its kind ever held in the township."
</blockquote>

The residents of the Township demanded that they be provided with answers to the following questions:

<blockquote>
1. Why was the siting of the project in the Township handled so secretly?<br>
2. What guarantees could be given that this project would be permanent in nature?<br>
3. Would Clark have to pick up the cost of maintaining the project after the emergency ends?<br>
4. Who would pay for new schools, equipment, streets, sewers, fire and police protection?<br>
5. Would the Federal Works Agency guarantee in writing that the project will never become a burden to Clark?
</blockquote>

[[Federal Works Agency]] Special Counsel Colvin, rather than trying to calm the residents' fears, reminded one and all that the FWA had been empowered by Lanham Act to place a defense housing project anywhere it deemed necessary appropriate, without discussions with residents. During his remarks, he made only brief mention of new public works being provided by the Federal Works Agency, or Title II of the Lanham Act (then being discussed in the [[US Congress]] to provide $150 million for the construction and provision of public services and facilities in host communities of defense housing projects). A worker from the [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company|Kearny Shipyards]] also spoke and assured the residents that their new neighbors would be "good people" and that employment at the yards would be stable for at least the "next 10 to 15 years". Not satisfied by any of this information and feeling betrayed by their own leaders, the residents demanded that an immediate vote be taken against the project. This request was denied. In response, the residents announced the formation of an opposition group, headed by Mr. Arthur de Laski, with the stated goals of seeking the impeachment of all municipal officials and stopping the mutual housing project.<ref>Elizabeth Daily Journal, July 29, 1941, April 2, 1941</ref>

The residents of Clark opposed to Winfield, believed that its sitting within their community would double local taxes. Opposition leaders created elaborate models to show how the additional needs for general services, election, fire and police protection, streets, lighting, water, sanitation, and school costs would quickly double the municipal budget from a yearly total of $33,929 to $66,563. The residents also expressed concern that the project would add approximately 1500 new registered voters to the community: original residents would now be substantially outnumbered in local elections. Additionally, local real estate interests were fearful that the project would flood the local housing market, severely deflating prices after the emergency because of postwar abandonment. Most planned units would not be single-family homes, which many believed would lead to a less stable community and a deterioration of the real estate market. The [[Union County, New Jersey|Union County]] Parks Department expressed concern about the construction of Winfield— [[Rahway River]] Park surrounded the project on three sides—since their own planning program had called for the development of this particularly desirable tract of land with expensive [[single family homes]]. The residents continued to be concerned that their new neighbors would be of a [[American lower class|lower class]] of people (although they had been promised that they would be primarily middle-class and would all be white thanks to housing officials not permitting [[racial integration]] in most public housing projects of the time),<ref>Kaledin, Eugenia. ''Daily Life in the US 1940–1959: Shifting Worlds.''  Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2000. p. 129</ref> and were annoyed these potential new neighbors would be getting subsidies at their expense.<ref>Rutgers University Bureau of Economic Research. ''An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, New Jersey: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Bureau of Economic Research, 1965. p. 10</ref>

Lawrence Westbrook believed that Charles Palmer, the Defense Housing Coordinator, had encouraged and supported the formation of the Clark Township opposition group to accomplish his own hidden agenda of centralizing control over the Defense Housing initiative in his hands. Westbrook testified before Congress that Palmer's brother-in-law, who lived in northern New Jersey, had secretly led a delegation from Clark to visit Palmer and discuss their concerns about the construction of Winfield Park. Westbrook believed that Palmer, during this meeting, had provided this group with information and advice on how to successfully fight the project.<ref>1/4 of the Winfield Park project was within the jurisdiction of the [[Linden, New Jersey|Town of Linden]] and a smaller amount in the [[Cranford, New Jersey|Town of Cranford]]. Initially, Linden verbally supported the Clark opposition but then offered to cede all of the land involved to Clark; this was not favorably received by the Clark neighbors. Linden and Cranford were willing to allow Clark to carry the battle to stop Winfield Park, or at least someone else would become responsible for the costs. ''Elizabeth Daily Journal'', July 29, 1941, April 26, 1941, Nov. 29, 1941; Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, pt.8, p. 6066; House of Representatives Hearings on Message of President of the United States, p.15; Rutgers Bureau of Economic Research, "An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, N.J.: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources", p. 10; House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 5211, p. 225–226</ref>

By late May 1941, the Clark opposition group had successfully organized in advance of municipal elections and replaced all township leaders responsible for bringing the Winfield Park project to Clark. Attention now turned to stop the mutual housing project, or at least transferring most of its costs and impact to someone else. Opposition leaders carefully studied the publicity surrounding the earlier construction of the [[Audubon Park, New Jersey|Audubon Park]] Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Project just outside [[Camden, New Jersey]]. The community, in that case, had followed an unsuccessful attempt to stop the project with building codes and local ordinances. All of these attempted blocks to construction were overturned by courts sympathetic to the powers given to the [FWA] by the Lanham Act. The Clark opposition developed a new and innovative opposition strategy. They would attempt to have the entire Winfield Park Mutual Housing project declared as a separate municipality by the [[New Jersey State Legislature]]. As a separate municipality, all costs for public services and facilities would be the responsibility of the residents of Winfield Park and not the residents of Clark. With Winfield Park Township established as a separate municipality, opponents believed the project would be killed because the federal government and potential residents would shy away from the overwhelming expenses and confusing legalities of this new governmental structure. Immediately Westbrook and other project supporters reacted to this strategy by declaring that the opposition was attempting the sabotage the entire national defense program. In defiance, Westbrook declared that he was sure the project would not only survive this attack but would outlive its surrounding communities.<ref>''Elizabeth Daily Journal'', July 29, 1941; House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 5211, p. 168, 170–171, 225. "US Handed Boom Town." ''Elizabeth Daily Journal.'' July 29, 1941.</ref>

===The creation of Winfield Township===
[[Image:Winfield5th48-49.jpg|thumb|Winfield Township School 5th Grade Class 1948–1949, Winfield Township, New Jersey.]]
On June 30, 1941—six days after the construction of Winfield Park had begun—Union County Assemblyman Pascoe presented a bill to the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] establishing Winfield Township, New Jersey (originally, the bill called for the establishment of Lindark, New Jersey). After presenting the bill, Pascoe asked for and received a suspension of the rules so that the vote on the bill could follow its first reading. The bill passed the assembly 35 to 20 and was sent immediately on to the [[New Jersey Senate]], which also suspended its rules and voted the bill through 14 to 0 on July 14, 1941. On July 21, 1941, Governor [[Charles Edison]] [[vetoed]] the bill returning it to the legislature with a letter chastising the members for approving a bill that he believed was counter to the needs of the national defense program. In his view, it was [[discriminatory]] towards defense workers; it did not consider the important passage of Title II of the Lanham Act by Congress on June 28, 1941 (another indication that money was only a partial driving force for opposition against Winfield); it created an unprecedented "Federal Island" in the State of New Jersey; it failed to consider that the State's constitution would not permit Winfield's new residents to elect local government officials until they had resided in the town for at least one year. It ignored that the bill's passage violated the [[New Jersey Constitution]]'s specific guidelines concerning public announcements and opening hearings before a bill could be passed. Governor Edison's letter was read before the Legislature on July 28, 1941. At the reading's conclusion, there was no debate; Assemblyman Pascoe once again asked for a suspension of the rules, and the veto was immediately overturned by a vote of 33 to 24. The bill was immediately sent to the Senate, which suspended its rules on the same afternoon and overturned the Governor's veto by a vote of 11 to 5. Thus on July 28, 1941, Winfield Township, New Jersey, was established. Forty Clark Township opposition leaders were present in [[Trenton, New Jersey]] on July 28, 1941, and celebrated Winfield's establishment in the halls of [[New Jersey State Capitol|Capital building]].<ref>New Jersey General Assembly, "Minutes of Votes and Proceedings of the One Hundred and Sixty-Fifth General Assembly of the State of New Jersey," pp. 1010, 1027–1029, 1089, 1117–1119, 1178, 1188; New Jersey Senate, "Journal of Ninety-Seventh Senate of the State of New Jersey," pp. 847-849, 929–930; Elizabeth Daily Journal, July 22, 1941, July 29, 1941.</ref>

Winfield Township is a unique municipality in the United States. No other defense housing project had been established as a separate municipality. This unique status also created a number of unique problems. As the ''Elizabeth Daily Journal'' reported:

<blockquote>
"Now [[Uncle Sam]] owns a town. Uncle Sam cannot tax himself or vote for himself. The occupants of houses cannot be taxed like a regular homeowner and he has promised them low monthly charges, but with all the benefits of living in town."
</blockquote>

The construction of Winfield continued unabated and the establishment of Winfield Township resulted in the unforeseen effect of permitting the project's residents to control their own future. In an article entitled "County Clerk Places Winfield On His List," a local newspaper reported:

<blockquote>
"Winfield has attained a modicum of recognition in these days of rebuffs and snubs among the powers. On all lists of municipalities required for records of official business in the office of County Clerk Henry G. Nulton, it now appears with its rebellious neighbors, Clark and Linden, the other towns. The fact that it is at the bottom of the list, insisted Abraham Grosman, in charge of revising the list, is that it alphabetically falls there, wrestling the last position from [[Westfield, New Jersey|Westfield]]."<ref>Elizabeth Daily Journal, July 29, 1941, Aug. 2, 1941; Rutgers Bureau of Economic Research, An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, N.J.: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources, p.7.</ref>
</blockquote>

Winfield's official history, written in 1976, even begins with the following:

<blockquote>
"Winfield, Winfield Park, Winfield Township, is a big title for the 'baby of [[Union County, New Jersey|Union County]].' Most of us use the plain 'Winfield' address simply because it is the quickest to write. People still say, 'Where's that?' However, after thirty-five years of the same question, we are accustomed to the remark. Sometimes the remarks given to our town, when a person knows where Winfield is, are far harder to swallow than when he is ignorant of its location. Some milder titles are, '[[barracks]]', or 'oh, those places.' We are so tiny, that even state and county [[Cartography|cartographers]] sometimes forget to put us on their maps. Sure, we feel a bit miffed at times, but we then look across our 'Green Acres' and realize our blessing."
</blockquote>

But this local community pressure also had the positive effect of forcing Winfield's residents to work together more closely and form a more tightly knit community than could ever have been anticipated in the original site plan.

===Construction===
The construction of Winfield Park began on June 23, 1941, and was contracted through the MacEvoy Company of [[Newark, New Jersey]], a company that built sections of the [[Newark Subway|Newark subway]], the [[Wanaque Reservoir]], and was then working on developing reinforced concrete oil tankers (a project that failed spectacularly, and remnants of which can be still be seen off the coastline of [[Cape May, New Jersey]]). The entire Winfield project—254 buildings on 110 acres—eventually required 7500 gallons of paint; 2500 rolls of wallpaper; {{convert|5500000|board feet|m3}} of lumber; and would employ 1,223 construction workers for five months.

From the start, work did not proceed well. Labor Union disputes stopped construction at least once. The construction work completed by the MacEvoy Company was exceptionally poor—so poor that it attracted the attention of the [[Truman Committee]] investigating abuses with the National Defense Program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014141857/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766701,00.html "Business: Two Scandals"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', November 30, 1942. Accessed September 30, 1942.</ref> The investigation would eventually uncover the facts that the Winfield Park project lacked complete [[Architectural plan|architectural]] or engineering plans and that financial records—at least the few that could be found—were criminally maintained. The project's construction was so badly botched that in many of the new buildings, residents discovered that nails had been hammered through water pipes, chimneys still contained the wooden forms used for their construction, roofs leaked, water pipes had never been soldered, floors were buckled, the paintwork was molding, sewer lines and pumps rarely worked, and many roads, sidewalks, and curbs had never been completed. On average, thirty-seven items needed to be repaired and/or replaced in each unit to make it habitable. To accomplish this repair work, the federal government spent an additional $100,000.00 and hired a new contractor, even after the project had officially been declared complete by Westbrook. The final cost for Winfield Park, including [[Federal Works Agency]] provided public works, came to $4,392,075.55 or $6,274.00/ unit; the Lanham Act specified a limit of $3,500.00. Continuing investigations uncovered that MacEvoy Company had manipulated bids and committed extensive fraud. MacEvoy rented and sold equipment and supplies to itself at an inflated cost, provided insurance to the government for its own work, employed the son-in-law of one of the government inspectors on the project, and generally milked the Winfield Park Project for everything that it could.<ref>Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, pt.8, p. 6051-6120</ref> Much of this is outlined in a ''Life Magazine'' article from the November 30, 1942 issue.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45|title=Truman Committee Exposes Housing Mess|date=November 30, 1942|publisher=Life Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

===Community life===
The construction difficulties outlined above had a major impact on the early days of Winfield Township. On November 30, 1941, the first 145 families (popularly referred to by township residents today as the "pioneers") arrived in their new town. A planned parade from [[Newark, New Jersey]] never materialized, and the families found themselves moving into barely completed, temporarily assigned units located at the edge of the project to make the units more easily accessible across the mud flats that were supposed to be the town's roads, curbs, and sidewalks. Most units were not yet connected to utilities and, in some cases, would not be for several months, even as winter approached. Early residents vividly remember huddling around car radios, the only radios available because of lack of electricity, to hear the news of the bombing of [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]. No fire protection was provided, but the government hired a few guards and provided bicycles for "law enforcement". The school was not yet under construction, and all school-age children were sent to three different school districts. As expected, Winfield's neighbors were not warm to the new residents and were even heard to make rude comments as the township's residents trudged into their communities, in their mud-covered boots, to make food purchases. Transportation to the [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company|Kearny Shipyards]] was difficult if not impossible when the bus provided by the government broke down. Although one would think things could not be worse, there was an outbreak of [[polio]] in Winfield, and the entire town was [[quarantined]]. But even with these difficulties, there would soon be far more applicants than available units. Quickly the township's population increased, and the new residents were employed not only by the Kearny shipyards but also by [[Merck & Co.|Merck & Company]], National Pneumatic Company, Lawrence Engineering, and Research Company, American Type Founders Co., American Gas Accumulator, [[Singer Corporation|Singer Manufacturing]], and many other manufacturers.<ref>Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, pt.8, p.6050, 2060, 6066; Elizabeth Daily Journal, November 29, 1941; Winfield Cultural and Heritage Commission, History of Winfield, p.6; Rutgers Bureau of Economic Research, An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, N.J.: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources, p.7-9; House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 3213, p.233.</ref>

[[Image:Winfield Vo. Fire-Aux early 40s.jpg|thumb|Winfield Township Volunteer Fire Department and Ladies Auxiliary early 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey. Mrs. Leona Harriot Burke (1917–2007), 1st President of the Winfield Township Volunteer Fire Department's Ladies Auxiliary, is at the center of the first row of the photograph.]]

The [[cooperative]] nature of the town as a mutual housing project, the difficult physical environment of the town during its early days, and the animosity exhibited toward the new residents by their neighbors all served to bind the community together, creating a very strong and vigorous community life. Volunteer Police and Fire departments were quickly established by the residents, as was a volunteer Ambulance Squad and [[Food cooperative|cooperative food store]]. Community leaders actively sought to discover Winfield's residents' special skills and interests. They utilized this information to organize and promote an astonishing number of clubs and social groups for a community of this size. Cooperative child care was provided in a building built by the community itself. Other community construction projects included a community center and shopping center. The great community event of the early days of Winfield Township was the opening of the town's grammar school on September 8, 1943. To increase the speed of repairs of structural deficiencies caused by the MacEvoy Company's poor workmanship, the residents of the Winfield participated in a [[rent strike]] against the federal government during the first year of occupancy; it was this strike that brought the attention of the Truman Committee to the Winfield Park project. A lasting problem caused by the township's unique status was the ill-defined relationship between the newly appointed Township Committee and the Mutual Housing Corporation. Both groups represented the same constituency; one (Mutual Housing) controlling all of the buildings and the other (Township Committee) with taxation authority; conflict and confusion were inevitable.<ref>Winfield Cultural and Heritage Commission, History of Winfield, p.5,7–10; Elizabeth Daily Journal, November 29, 1941, December 2, 1941, August 2, 1941; Rutgers Bureau of Economic Research, An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, N.J.: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources, p.11; Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, pt.8, p.6048, 6051–6052.</ref>

[[Image:Winfield Twp Ambulance 1947.jpg|thumb|Winfield Township Volunteer Ambulance Squad Ambulance 1947.]]

===After the war===
[[Image:Winfield Pk Halloween Parade 40s.jpg|thumb|Winfield Township Halloween Parade on the Grounds of Town School 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey.]]

Winfield Park was the last of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Projects to be built and occupied. Because it was opened just before the start of the United States' involvement in World War II, it was also one of the last housing projects of a permanent nature to be built for the defense housing program. The current residents of Winfield believe that their town was built as temporary housing and are very proud of how well the structures have held up over the past 68 years thanks to their repair efforts; clearly, this grew out of the poor workmanship of the original construction.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The Winfield Park Mutual Housing Corporation purchased the Winfield Park project from the federal government for $1,358,567.21 on December 28, 1950, and entered into a 45-year [[Mortgage loan|mortgage]] bearing a 3% interest rate, which was completed on July 1, 1984.<ref>''Winfield Park 60th Anniversary Celebration Booklet'', Winfield Mutual Housing Corporation, Winfield Park, New Jersey. September 8, 2001.</ref> By 1966, a [[Rutgers University]] economic study of the town reported that the town had "elements of a cooperative utopia, a feudal manor, and company town (with only one party and one company)." It continued on that:

<blockquote>
"One of the apparent by-products of this situation (Town and Corporation being one and the same) is that the normal inter-party rivalry has been replaced by a running battle between the corporation and the township, both of which are elected by the same voters."
</blockquote>

The 1966 study also made another observation about Winfield Park.

<blockquote>
"One effect of outside resentment upon Winfield itself was to solidify sentiment among the inhabitants against their neighbors. If their neighbors didn't like Winfield, the feeling was definitely mutual. Another effect was to make the early Winfield settlers suspicious of all bureaucracy, including their own elected officers. In this respect, the trying experiences and disillusionment attending the early days of Winfield have made its citizens even more sensitive than usual to rumors respecting changes in the community structures."
</blockquote>

This sensitivity was especially prevalent in the 1960s when residents began to realize that the town's property was worth far more than the structures built upon it. Although several experts have presented proposals to Winfield for more efficient and economical use of the property—ranging from selling the entire community and splitting the profits to moving every resident into a single high-rise building and then developing the remaining property for more profitable uses—residents have never considered any of these proposals very seriously. The residents have continually recommitted themselves to the mutual ownership concept.<ref>Rutgers Bureau of Economic Research, An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, N.J.: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources, p. 22,35; Winfield Cultural and Heritage Commission, History of Winfield, p.15,20</ref>

[[Image:Winfield Park School Play 40s.jpg|thumb|Winfield Township School Christmas Nativity Play 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey.]]

In August 2001, the entire township celebrated its 60th anniversary with a community picnic and a parade led by Grand Marshal Leona Harriot Burke (1917–2007), who had moved from [[Kearny, New Jersey]] to Winfield Park on the first move-in day for new residents on December 1, 1941. Mrs. Burke had also served as the first president of the Winfield Park Volunteer Fire Department's Ladies Auxiliary.

[[Image:Winfield Santa Arrival 1963.jpg|thumb|Santa Claus Arrives by Helicopter in the field behind Community Center, December 1963, Winfield Township, New Jersey.]]

===Sociological research===
The residents of Winfield Park were participants during the mid-1940s in a study of [[social interactions]] and patterns within public housing projects. This was one of the first studies undertaken by [[Columbia University]] [[Bureau of Applied Social Research]] under the leadership of [[Sociology|sociologist]] [[Robert K. Merton]]. Merton would become one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century; he was known as the "Father of the [[focus group]]" and was the first sociologist to win a [[National Medal of Science]] (1994). During his career, Merton coined terms including "[[self-fulfilling prophecy]]" (in an article that dealt with Winfield) and "[[role model]]". Other sociologists involved in these studies included [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], Patricia Salter West, and [[Marie Jahoda]]. Winfield Park was presented in several published articles by these researchers under the pseudonym "Craftown" and was presented as a homogeneous white middle-income public housing project. In these articles, "Craftown" was often compared and contrasted with "Hilltown," a racially integrated lower-income public housing project. An aspect of this research beyond interviewing every adult resident of the community was the decision to observe and provide detailed analysis and reports on community organizational meetings taking place during the summer and fall of 1945. In addition to the articles, there was also an unpublished manuscript on this research entitled ''Patterns of Social Life: Explorations in the Sociology and Social Psychology of Housing''. When asked in 2002 why this manuscript had not been published, Merton described the period of its writing as being during the Red Scare of the post-war years and his fear, along with those of the other researchers, that the study could have negatively affected Winfield Park. {{citation needed|date=June 2018}}<ref>Kaledin, Eugenia. ''Daily Life in the US 1940–1959: Shifting Worlds.''  Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2000. p. 85</ref> Merton described the mutual housing projects as some of the closest examples of functioning socialist communities within the United States and as such, was one of the primary attractions for studying Winfield Park and its residents.