Editing Wine (section)

== History ==
[[File:Georgian Kvevri.jpg|thumb|[[Kvevri|Georgian clay vessels]], historically used in wine making.]]
[[File:Areni-1 cave entrance.jpg|thumb|The [[Areni-1 winery|Areni-1 cave]] in [[Armenia]] is home to the world's oldest known winery.]]
{{Main|History of wine}}
The earliest known traces of wine are from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ({{circa|6000 BCE}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Doce |first=Elisa Guerra |year=2004 |title=The Origins of Inebriation: Archaeological Evidence of the Consumption of Fermented Beverages and Drugs in Prehistoric Eurasia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=751–782 |doi=10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z |s2cid=143750976 |issn=1072-5369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709|title=Georgia made 'world's oldest wine'|publisher=BBC News|date=13 November 2017|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=Patrick |last2=Jalabadze |first2=Mindia |last3=Batiuk |first3=Stephen |last4=Callahan |first4=Michael P. |last5=Smith |first5=Karen E. |last6=Hall |first6=Gretchen R. |last7=Kvavadze |first7=Eliso |last8=Maghradze |first8=David |last9=Rusishvili |first9=Nana |last10=Bouby |first10=Laurent |last11=Failla |first11=Osvaldo |last12=Cola |first12=Gabriele |last13=Mariani |first13=Luigi |last14=Boaretto |first14=Elisabetta |last15=Bacilieri |first15=Roberto |last16=This |first16=Patrice |last17=Wales |first17=Nathan |last18=Lordkipanidze |first18=David |title=Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=28 November 2017 |volume=114 |issue=48 |pages=E10309–E10318 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714728114|pmid=29133421 |pmc=5715782 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11410309M |display-authors=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Both archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that the earliest production of wine outside Georgia was relatively later, likely having taken place elsewhere in the [[Caucasus|Southern Caucasus]] or the region between [[Eastern Anatolia]] and northern [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-beer-archaeologist-17016372/?no-ist |title=The Beer Archaeologist |first=Abigail |last=Tucker |date=August 2011 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085143/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-beer-archaeologist-17016372/?no-ist |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=82 |title=Grape Wine |last=McGovern |first=Patrick E. |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906045247/https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=82 |url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest known winery, from 4100 BCE, is the [[Areni-1 winery]] in [[Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224072812/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Backdirt &#124; UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology |url=https://ioa.ucla.edu/content/backdirt |website=ioa.ucla.edu |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130205739/https://ioa.ucla.edu/content/backdirt |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with [[rice]] to produce [[fermented drink]]s in ancient [[China]] in the early years of the seventh millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China | publisher=The National Academy of Sciences | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | first=Patrick E. |last=McGovern| date=30 September 2003|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1073/pnas.0407921102 | volume=101 | issue=51 | pages=17593–17598 | pmid=15590771 | pmc=539767| bibcode=2004PNAS..10117593M | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | publisher=ScienceDaily LLC | work=ScienceDaily | title=Penn Museum Archaeochemist And International Scholars Confirm 9,000-Year History of Chinese Fermented Beverages | date=24 December 2004 | access-date=28 February 2018 | archive-date=23 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823121103/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | url-status=live}}</ref>
Traces of wine have also been found in [[Xinjiang]] in modern-day China, dating from the second and first millennia BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |title=Wine Production in China |access-date=25 June 2008 |last1=Rong |first1=Xu Gan |first2=Bao Tong |last2=Fa |work=Grandiose Survey of Chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828140517/http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> The first modern wine industry in East Asia was [[Japanese wine]], developed from 1874 after grapevines were brought back from Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Hugh |author1-link=Hugh Johnson (wine writer) |last2=Robinson |first2=Jancis |author2-link=Jancis Robinson |date=2013 |title=[[The World Atlas of Wine]] |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group |page=376 |isbn=978-1784724030}}</ref>

The spread of wine culture in the [[Mediterranean]] was probably due to the influence of the [[Phoenicians]] from about 1000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGovern |first=Patrick E. |date=2003 |title=Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691070803}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name="waow-8-history">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Hugh |last2=Robinson |first2=Jancis |title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=2019 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=London |isbn=9781784724030 |edition=8th |pages=10–11}}</ref> The wines of [[Byblos]] were exported to Egypt during the [[Old Kingdom]] and then throughout the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book | last=Johnson |first=Hugh | title=Vintage: The Story of Wine | page=[https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/32 32] | publisher=Simon and Schuster | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-671-68702-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/32}}</ref> Industrialized production of [[Ancient Greece and wine|wine in ancient Greece]] began around 600 BCE and spread across the Italian peninsula and to southern [[Gaul]].<ref name="waow-8-history" /> The [[Ancient Rome and wine|ancient Romans]] further increased the scale of wine production and trade networks, especially in Gaul around the time of the [[Gallic Wars]], and many famous vineyards date from Roman occupation.<ref name="waow-8-history" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Hugh |last=Johnson |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |pages=86–87 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=1992 |ol=7665276M}}</ref> The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell, due to the [[antioxidant]] effects of [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.practicalwinery.com/janfeb09/page1.htm |work=Practical Winery & Vineyard Journal |issue=January/February 2009 |last=Henderson |first=Pat |title=Sulfur Dioxide: Science behind this anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, wine additive |date=1 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928111625/http://www.practicalwinery.com/janfeb09/page1.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] monks grew grapes and made wine for the [[Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Eucharist]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rod |title=A Short History of Wine |date=12 November 2002 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-06-093737-9 |pages=62–63}}</ref> Monasteries expanded their land holdings over time and established vineyards in many of today's most successful wine regions. [[Bordeaux wine regions|Bordeaux]] was a notable exception, being a purely commercial enterprise serving the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] and by association Britain between the 12th and 15th centuries.<ref name="waow-8-history" />

European wine grape traditions were incorporated into [[New World wine]]. [[Mission (grape)|Mission grapes]] were brought by Franciscan monks to [[New Mexico]] in 1628, beginning the [[New Mexico wine]] heritage. These grapes were also brought to [[California]] which started the [[California wine]] industry. These two regions eventually evolved into the oldest and largest producers, respectively, of [[wine of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf |title=Global Wine Report August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235146/http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |pages=7–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Birchell | first1=D.B. | last2=Steel | first2=G. | title=New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History | publisher=American Palate | series=American Palate Series | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-60949-643-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f0kvgAACAAJ | language=it | access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Etymology ===
[[File:Word for Wine in European languages.svg|thumb|Map showing the words for wine in European languages]]
{{Contains special characters |section=section|special=[[Linear B Syllabary|Linear B Unicode characters]] |fix= Help:Multilingual_support#Linear B |characters=Linear B}}
The English word "wine" comes from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*winam'', an early borrowing from the [[Latin]] ''vinum'', [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ''ღვინო'' (''ghvee-no''), "wine", itself derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem *''uoin-a-'' (cf. {{langx|hy|գինի}}, ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]''; [[Ancient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} ''oinos''; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''uiian(a)-'').<ref>{{OEtymD|wine}}</ref> The earliest attested terms referring to wine{{cn|date=February 2025}} are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺}} ''me-tu-wo ne-wo'' (*{{lang|grc|μέθυϝος νέϝῳ}}),<ref>Found on the [[Pylos|PY]] Fr 1202 tablet.</ref> meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and {{lang|gmy|𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯}} ''wo-no-wa-ti-si'',<ref>Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets.</ref> meaning "wine garden", written in [[Linear B]] inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |first=T.G. |last=Palaima |url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |title=The Last days of Pylos Polity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070021/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |publisher=Université de Liège}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James C. |editor-last=Wright |title=The Mycenaean feast |publisher=American School of Classical Studies |date=2004 |isbn=9780876619513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ6vBrYKPnMC&dq=me-tu-wo-ne-wo&pg=PA203 |via=Google books}}</ref>

The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in [[Indo-European languages]] (e.g. Armenian ''gini'', Latin ''vinum'', Ancient Greek οἶνος, Russian вино {{IPA|ru|vʲɪˈno|}}), [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] (e.g. [[Georgian language|Georgian]] [[wikt:ღვინო|ღვინო]] {{IPA|ka|ˈɣvino|}}), and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (''*wayn''; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] יין {{IPA|he|jajin|}}), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families.<ref>{{cite book |first=Benjamin W. |last=Fortson IV |title=Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2010 |page=42 |isbn=9781405188968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&q=wine |via=Google books}}</ref> The Georgian word goes back to [[Proto-Kartvelian]] *''ɣwino''-,<ref name="klimov">{{cite book |last=Klimov |first=Georgij |date=1998 |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1ryOyFPFkC |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=227 |isbn=978-3-11-015658-4 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> which is either a borrowing from [[Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="klimov" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitehead |first=Benedicte Nielsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm2SugMy8C0C&dq=%C9%A3wino&pg=PA505 |title=The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics |date=2012 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3838-1 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref> or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from [[Proto-Armenian]] *''ɣʷeinyo''-, whence Armenian ''gini''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martirosyan|first=Hrach|author-link=Hrach Martirosyan|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart/page/n227 214]|isbn=9789004173378}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adjarian|first=Hrachia|title=Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]|publisher=Yerevan State University|location=Yerevan|page=559|volume=I|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|language=hy|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226011243/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starostin|first=Sergei|title=Kartvelian Etymology database|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095237/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert S. P.|last=Beekes|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes|year=2010|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|location=Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|page=1059|volume=II|series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10|others=with the assistance of Lucien van Beek}}</ref><ref name="klimov" />{{verification needed|date=December 2023}} An alternative hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *''ɣwino''-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *''ɣun''- ('to bend').<ref>{{cite book|last=Fähnrich|first=Heinz|title=Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr/page/n485 486]|isbn=9789004161092|language=de}}</ref><ref>See [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-|*''ɣwino''-]] for more.</ref>