Editing Windhoek (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Windhoek}}

===Etymology===
Theories vary on how the city got its modern name of Windhoek. Most believe it is derived from the [[Afrikaans]] words ''wind'' (meaning wind) and ''hoek'' (meaning corner). Another theory suggests that Captain [[Jonker Afrikaner]] named Windhoek after the [[Winterhoek]] Mountains at [[Tulbagh]] in South Africa, where his ancestors had lived. The first known mention of the name ''Windhoek'' was in a letter from Jonker Afrikaner to Joseph Tindall, dated 12 August 1844.<ref name="DierksK1">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/images/Khauxanas/1introduction.htm |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=The History of ǁKhauxaǃnas. Introduction. |access-date=9 July 2010 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926132644/http://www.klausdierks.com/images/Khauxanas/1introduction.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early settlement===
In 1840 [[Jonker Afrikaner]] established an Orlam settlement at Windhoek.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Orlams Afrikaners – the Creole Africans of the Garieb |publisher=Cape Slavery Heritage |url=http://cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za/category/new-creole-identities/page/4/ |access-date=8 July 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He and his followers stayed near one of the main hot springs, located in the present-day [[Klein Windhoek]] suburb.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tonchi |first1=Victor L |last2=Lindeke |first2=William A |last3=Grotpeter |first3=John J |title=Historical Dictionary of Namibia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mls4H1mnN_0C |edition=2 |series=Historical Dictionaries of Africa, African historical dictionaries |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810879904 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421060538/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mls4H1mnN_0C |url-status=live}}</ref> He built a stone church that held 500 people; it was also used as a school. Two [[Rhenish Missionary Society|Rhenish]] [[missionaries]], [[Carl Hugo Hahn]] and [[Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt]], started working there in late 1842. Two years later they were driven out by two Methodist [[Wesleyans]], Richard Haddy and Joseph Tindall.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vedder |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Vedder |title=Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 |trans-title=The Old South West Africa. South West Africa's History until Maharero's death 1890 |language=de |year=1997 |edition=7th |publisher=Namibia Scientific Society |location=Windhoek |isbn=0-949995-33-9}}</ref><ref name="DierkbioA">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A (entry for Jonker Afrikaner) |publisher=klausdiers.com |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804032931/http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Gardens were laid out and for a while Windhoek prospered. A series of wars between the [[Nama people|Nama]] and [[Herero people|Herero]] tribes eventually destroyed the settlement. After a long absence, Hahn visited Windhoek again in 1873 and was dismayed to see that nothing remained of the town's former prosperity. In June 1885, a Swiss [[botanist]] found only [[jackals]] and starving [[guinea fowl]] amongst neglected fruit trees.<ref name="windhoekcc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/default.aspx?page=30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221153905/http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/default.aspx?page=30 |url-status=dead |title=Windhoek City Council: The History of Windhoek |archivedate=21 February 2010}}</ref>

===Colonial era===
[[File:Windhuk.jpg|thumb|Windhoek before 1908]]
[[File:Windhuk stamp.jpg|thumbnail|170px|German South West Africa stamp postmarked ''Windhuk'']]
[[File:Sanderburg.jpg|thumb|Sanderburg, one of the three castles of Windhoek]]
A request by merchants from [[Lüderitzbucht]] resulted in the declaration in 1884 of a German [[protectorate]] over what was called [[German South West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika''), now Namibia. The borders of the German colony were determined in 1890 and Germany sent a protective corps, the ''[[Imperial Schutztruppe for German South West Africa|Schutztruppe]]'' under Major [[Curt von&nbsp;François]], to maintain order.<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 338</ref> Von&nbsp;François stationed his garrison at Windhoek, which was strategically situated as a buffer between the warring [[Nama people|Nama]] and [[Herero people|Herero]] peoples.<ref>{{cite news |title=Verona, the last grandchild of Von&nbsp;François |last1=Mbathera |first1=Ester |last2=Pinehas |first2=Tutaleni |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=17 November 2021 |page=6 |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/107420/read/Verona-the-last-grandchild-of-Von-Fran%C3%A7ois |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117143749/https://www.namibian.com.na/107420/read/Verona-the-last-grandchild-of-Von-Fran%C3%A7ois |url-status=live}}</ref> The twelve strong springs provided water for the cultivation of produce and grains.

Colonial Windhoek was founded on 18 October 1890, when von&nbsp;François fixed the foundation stone of the fort, which is now known as the [[Alte Feste]] (Old Fortress).<ref name="DierkbioV">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_V.htm |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, V (entry for Curt von&nbsp;François) |publisher=klausdiers.com |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224104612/http://klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_V.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="curtfarewell">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63728105 |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-23 |last=Chothia |first=Farouk |title=Namibia pulls down German colonial officer's statue in Windhoek |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123142819/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63728105 |url-status=live}}</ref> After 1907, development accelerated as indigenous people migrated from the countryside to the growing town to seek work. More European settlers arrived from Germany and South Africa. Businesses were erected on Kaiser Street (presently [[Independence Avenue (Windhoek)|Independence Avenue]]), and along the dominant mountain ridge over the city. At this time, Windhoek's three castles, [[Heinitzburg]], [[Sanderburg]], and [[Schwerinsburg]], were built.

===South African administration after World War I===
The German colonial era came to an end after the end of [[World War I]] but [[South West Africa]], and with it Windhoek, had already fallen in 1915.<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Windhoek Windhoek] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321190021/https://www.britannica.com/place/Windhoek |date=21 March 2019}}, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref> Until the end of the war, the city was administered by a South African military government, and no further development occurred.<ref name=CoWnew>{{cite web |title=The History of Windhoek |publisher=City of Windhoek |url=http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/tour_history_heritage.php |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029074218/http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/tour_history_heritage.php |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1920, after the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the territory was placed under a [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations mandate#Class C mandates|Class C mandate]] and again administered by South Africa.<ref name="geography">Ieuan Griffiths,[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40572467.pdf Walvis Bay: exclave no more] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303123113/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40572467.pdf |date=3 March 2016}} ''Geography'', Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354</ref>

After [[World War II]], more capital became available to improve the area's economy. After 1955, large public projects were undertaken, such as the building of new schools and hospitals, tarring of the city's roads (a project begun in 1928 with Kaiser Street), and the building of dams and pipelines to stabilise the water supply.<ref name="windhoekcc"/> The city introduced the world's first potable re-use plant in 1958, treating recycled sewage and sending it directly into the town's water supply.<ref>[http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html "Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065428/http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln56/dupisani.html |date=6 June 2011}} by Petrus Du Pisani</ref> On 1 October 1966, the then Administrator of South West Africa granted Windhoek the coat of arms, which was registered on 2 October 1970 with the South African Bureau of Heraldry. Initially a stylized aloe was the principal emblem, but this was amended to a natural aloe (''[[Aloe littoralis]]'') on 15 September 1972. The Coat of Arms is described as "A Windhoek aloe with a [[raceme]] of three flowers on an island. Crest: A mural crown [[Or (heraldry)|Or]]. Motto: SUUM CUIQUE (''To each their own'')".<ref>{{cite web |last=Berry |first=Bruce |date=12 February 2014 |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/na-wind.html |title=Windhoek (Namibia) |website=www.crwflags.com |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207053954/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/na-wind.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Windhoek formally received its [[town privileges]] on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by von François.<ref name=Stadtrecht>{{cite news |title=Windhoek erhielt heute Stadtrechte |trans-title=Windhoek received town privileges today |language=de |newspaper=[[Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)|Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=18 October 1965 |edition=2015 reprint}}</ref>

In 1971, the [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|Namibian general contract workers]] started from Windhoek with the goal of abolishing the contract labour system, opposing [[apartheid]], and promoting Namibia's independence.<ref name="general">{{cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Barbara |date=1972 |title=Namibia's General Strike |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185227 |journal=Africa Today |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=3–8 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4185227}}</ref>

===Since Namibian independence===
Since independence in 1990, Windhoek has remained the national capital, as well as the provincial capital of the central [[Khomas Region]]. Since independence and the end of warfare, the city has had accelerated growth and development.