Editing William Primrose (section)

==Biography==

===Early years===
William Primrose was born in [[Glasgow]], Scotland to John Primrose and Margaret McInnis (Whiteside) Primrose. He was the oldest of their three children.<ref name="walk on the north side" /> His father, John Primrose, taught violin and was part of the Scottish Orchestra.<ref name="Dalton" /> His father bought Primrose his first violin in 1908,<ref name="walk on the north side">{{cite book|last1=Primrose|first1=William|title=A Walk on the North Side: William Primrose, Memoirs of a Violist|date=1978|publisher=Brigham Young University Press|location=Provo, Utah|isbn=9780842513135}}</ref>{{rp|7}} when Primrose was only 4 years old.<ref name="BYU mag" /> That same year, his father arranged violin lessons with Camillo Ritter, who had studied with [[Joseph Joachim]] and [[Otakar Ševčík]].<ref name="musical prodigies">{{cite book|last1=Kenneson|first1=Claude|title=Musical Prodigies|date=1998|publisher=Amadeus Press|location=Portland, Oregon|pages=262–268|isbn=9781574670462}}</ref> Primrose performed his first public concert on the violin in 1916, at the age of 12, playing [[Mendelssohn]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]].<ref name="Dalton" /> During his childhood, Primrose also enjoyed reading and playing chess in addition to studying music and performing.<ref name="walk on the north side" />{{rp|23}}

In 1919, Primrose's family moved to [[London]], and he began to study violin at the [[Guildhall School of Music]] in [[London]] on scholarship,<ref name= Dalton>{{cite journal| last = Dalton| first = David| title = Celebrating 100 Years: William Primrose's Life and Career| journal = Journal of the American Viola Society| volume = 20| issue = 1| pages =13–17| date = Spring 2004 | access-date = 2006-10-08| url=http://violaspace.com/avs/ks/site/JAVS/prim100V20N15.pdf
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230917/http://violaspace.com/avs/ks/site/JAVS/prim100V20N15.pdf
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}}</ref> where he would later be named Fellow.<ref name="newspaper" /> Primrose graduated in 1924, having received its highest honor, a gold medal, although he admitted that he skipped some of his classes because the violin did not interest him.<ref name="Dalton" />

On the urging of the accompanist [[Ivor Newton]], Primrose moved to [[Belgium]] to study under [[Eugène Ysaÿe]]<ref name="Dalton" /> from 1926 to 1929.<ref name="walk on the north side" />{{rp|52}} Ysaÿe heard Primrose play an Amati viola that his father had forbidden him to play, and suggested that Primrose pursue the viola instead of the violin.<ref name="newspaper" />

===London String Quartet===
Primrose became a professional violinist in 1924. In London, on October 2, 1928, William married Dorothy Friend, daughter of Arthur John Friend and Susanna Jane Luscombe. He moved from violin to viola in 1930 when he became the violist of the [[London String Quartet]]. He was joined in the group by Warwick Evans, John Pennington, and Thomas Petre. They toured throughout North and South America in the 1930s; however, due to financial pressures of the Great Depression, they disbanded in 1935. After the disbandment of the London String Quartet, Primrose took a variety of jobs; he performed in [[Berlin]], at [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]], and a number of concerts in England.<ref name="Dalton" />

===NBC Orchestra and the Primrose Quartet===
[[File:Primrose Quartet.jpg|thumb|Primrose ''(second from left)'' with members of the Primrose Quartet]]
In 1937, NBC established their [[NBC Symphony Orchestra|namesake symphony orchestra]] under [[Arturo Toscanini]]. Primrose was a violist for the orchestra, but he was never their principal violist. He played with the orchestra for four years until it was rumored that Toscanini would leave the Symphony in 1941.<ref name="Dalton" />

In 1939, NBC suggested that Primrose form his own group, and the Primrose Quartet was founded. The other players (all with the NBC Orchestra at the time) were [[Oscar Shumsky]], [[Josef Gingold]] and [[Harvey Shapiro (cellist)|Harvey Shapiro]]. Primrose boasted that "no quartet ever played that had the instrumental ability of my quartet".<ref>David Blum: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yae7t7utvQsC&q=%22th&pg=PA96 Quintet: Five Journeys Towards Musical Fulfillment]'' (1999), p. 96</ref> The Primrose Quartet was short-lived, but recorded three sets of commercial 78s for [[RCA Records|RCA]], along with a few unissued recordings.<ref>''[https://www.musicwebinternational.com/2023/02/primrose-string-quartet-complete-rca-victor-recordings-biddulph/ Primrose Quartet: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings]'', (recorded 1940-41 in New York). Biddulph Recordings 85023-2, reviewed at ''MusicWeb International''</ref>

While performing with the NBC Symphony, Primrose also made recordings with [[Jascha Heifetz]] and [[Gregor Piatigorsky]].<ref name= NYT>{{cite news| last1=Schonberg| first1=Harold C.| title=WILLIAM PRIMROSE, 77, IS DEAD; VIOLIST KNOWN FOR PURITY OF TONE| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/04/obituaries/william-primrose-77-is-dead-violist-knowen-for-purity-of-tone.html| access-date=15 April 2016| work=The New York Times| date=4 May 1982}}</ref> However, they stopped playing together in 1964 due to Primrose's declining hearing and his increased absences due to his teaching career.<ref name= piat>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0u_8pNWkGJQC&pg=PA216 |title=Gregor Piatigorsky: The Life and Career of the Virtuoso Cellist|date=10 January 2014|publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786456260}}</ref>

===Soloist===
Primrose made his debut as a violin soloist in 1923;<ref name="musical prodigies" /> however his soloist career playing the viola didn't take off until 1941 when he started touring with [[Richard Crooks]]. He accompanied Crooks on five tours in the next four years,<ref name="musical prodigies" /> playing in 32 concerts in 1941–1942. While touring with Crooks, [[Arthur Judson]], an influential concert manager, sought out Primrose. He signed with Judson who furthered Primrose's soloist career. Primrose doubled his concert performances, playing in 64 concerts in 1943&ndash;1944.<ref name="Dalton" />

In 1944, he was the soloist in the first studio recording of [[Berlioz]]'s ''[[Harold en Italie|Harold in Italy]]'' with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Serge Koussevitzky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reed |first1=Peter Hugh |date=1 April 1945 |title=Berlioz's ''Harold in Italy'' |journal= American Record Guide |volume=11 |issue=8 |publisher= Record Guide Publications |page=203}}</ref>That same year, he commissioned a [[Viola Concerto (Bartók)|viola concerto]] from [[Béla Bartók]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 1949 |title=Viola Concerto |work= Dundee Evening Telegraph |page=2 }}</ref> This was left incomplete at Bartók's death in 1945, and had to wait four years for its completion by [[Tibor Serly]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 Sep 1950 |title= The Bounty of Bartok  |work= Erdington News |page=4}}</ref>Primrose was the soloist in the world premiere performance of the concerto in America, on 2 December 1949, with the [[Minnesota Orchestra|Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Antal Doráti]] conducting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halsey |first=Stevens |date=1975 |title= The life and music of Béla Bartók |publisher= London : Oxford University Press |page=335 |isbn= 9780709150619}}</ref>He gave the European premiere at the Edinburgh Festival in 1950 with Sir John Barbirolli and [[The Hallé]] orchestra.<ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=Bruce |date=1975 |title= Festival in the north : the story of the Edinburgh Festival |publisher=Hale, London |pages=38–40 |isbn= 9780709150619}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 Sep 1950 |title= His Last Work |work= Nottingham Journal |page=4}}</ref> In 1950, [[Benjamin Britten]] wrote for him ''Lachrymae'' based on [[Flow my Tears|the song by Dowland]].<ref name="all music">{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Joseph|title=Benjamin Britten: Lachrymae, reflections on a song of Dowland, for viola & piano, Op. 48|url=https://www.allmusic.com/composition/lachrymae-reflections-on-a-song-of-dowland-for-viola-piano-op-48-mc0002368840|website=All Music}}</ref>

Primrose was known for his tremendous technique. When he performed [[Paganini]]'s violin caprices on viola, [[Mischa Elman]] is said to have exclaimed, "It must be easier on viola!" Primrose wrote many transcriptions and arrangements for viola, often technically dazzling, including "La Campanella" (from Paganini's [[Violin Concerto No. 2 (Paganini)|second violin concerto]]) and the famous ''Nocturne'' from [[Borodin]]'s [[String Quartet No. 2 (Borodin)|second string quartet]], the latter "out of jealousy" for the cello's long melodic lines.

He was made a Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 1952, in recognition of his musical contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 1952 |title=MANY FESTIVAL WORKERS IN THE NEW YEAR HONOURS |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-william-primrose-clipping-1/143467111/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |pages=5}}</ref>

===Teacher===
Primrose was also a teacher during his violist career. He taught in many countries across the world, including the [[Curtis Institute of Music]] in [[Philadelphia]]. He taught at the [[USC Thornton School of Music|University of Southern California]] from 1961 to 1965 with [[Jascha Heifetz]]. After teaching at USC, he moved to the [[Indiana University Jacobs School of Music]] where he remained from 1965 to 1972. In 1971, Primrose went to the [[Tokyo University of the Arts]] and the [[Toho Gakuen School of Music]]. He occasionally taught at [[Juilliard School]], [[Eastman School of Music]]<ref name="Dalton" /> and the [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]],<ref name="newspaper">{{cite news|title=William Primrose: Great Viola Performer Donates Collection to "Y"|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/7529257|access-date=15 April 2016|work=The Daily Herald|date=20 Feb 1977|location=Provo, Utah}}</ref> In Australia, [[Richard Tognetti]] was one of his students.<ref name="the telegraph">{{cite news|last1=Hewett|first1=Ivan|title=Richard Tognetti: the top dogs from Down Under|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalmusic/8911000/Richard-Tognetti-the-top-dogs-from-Down-Under.html|access-date=15 April 2016|work=The Telegraph|date=23 Nov 2011}}</ref> Primrose was a guest lecturer at [[Brigham Young University]] from 1979 to 1982.

Primrose wrote and contributed to several books on viola playing: ''Art and Practice of Scale Playing'' (1954), ''Technique is Memory'' (1960), ''Violin and Viola'' (with Yehudi Menuhin and Denis Stevens, 1976), and ''Playing the Viola'' (1988).<ref name="Dalton" /><ref name="BYU mag">{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Michael|title=Resonating Beauty|journal=BYU Magazine|date=Fall 2003|url=http://magazine.byu.edu/article/resonating-beauty/|publisher=[[Brigham Young University]]}}</ref>

Some of his notable students include Canadian violinist [[Albert Pratz]],<ref name="albert pratz">{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Betty Nygaard|last2=Maud|first2=McLean|title=Albert Pratz|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albert-pratz-emc/|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Canada|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> former principal of the Los Angeles Philharmonic [[Alan de Veritch]],<ref name="veritch">{{cite web|title=Alan De Veritch: The Musician|url=http://www.alandeveritch.com/biography-musician/|website=The Life and Times of Alan de Veritch|date=10 August 2014|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> the American composer [[David Campbell (composer)|David Campbell]],<ref name="campbell">{{cite news|title=David Campbell - Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304536104579560452500175712|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=20 May 2014|access-date=2 June 2016|last1=Fusilli|first1=Jim}}</ref> and [[Olympic Music Festival]] founder and violist [[Alan Iglitzin]], who was a member of the [[Philadelphia String Quartet]]..<ref name="olympic">{{cite web|title=Alan Iglitzin|url=http://www.olympicmusicfestival.org/?team=alan-iglitzin|website=Olympic Music Festival|publisher=The Olympic Music Festival|access-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625124651/http://www.olympicmusicfestival.org/?team=alan-iglitzin|archive-date=25 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>[https://www.concertsinthebarn.org/]

Other notable pupils include, Martha Strongin Katz, Karen Tuttle, Joseph de Pasquale and Cynthia Phelps.

===Later years===
Primrose had developed a hearing problem in 1946 which affected his ability to hear certain notes. He was later diagnosed with cancer in 1977, from which he died in [[Provo, Utah]] on 1 May 1982.<ref name="Dalton" />

===Legacy===
*Primrose's large collection of annotated viola scores became the nucleus for the William Primrose International Viola Archive at the [[Harold B. Lee Library]] at [[Brigham Young University]].
*For his contribution to the recording industry, Primrose has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles.
*The [[Primrose International Viola Competition]], created in 1979 in honor of William Primrose, was the first international music competition for viola players.<ref name="Viola society">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.americanviolasociety.org/AVS/History.php|website=The American Viola Society|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230042659/http://www.americanviolasociety.org/AVS/History.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The Primrose Piano Quartet, a British ensemble formed in 2004, is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://primrosepianoquartet.org.uk/about-2/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Primrose Piano Quartet}}</ref>