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== Early life == [[File:Houghton MS Am 1092 (1185) - William James in Brazil, 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|right|William James in Brazil, 1865]] William James was born at the [[Astor House]] in New York City on January 11, 1842. He was the son of [[Henry James Sr.]], an independently wealthy [[Swedenborgian]] theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James family milieu and the remarkable [[Epistolary novel|epistolary]] talents of several of its members have made them a subject of continuing interest to historians, biographers, and critics. William James received an eclectic trans-Atlantic education, developing fluency in both German and French. Education in the James household encouraged [[cosmopolitanism]]. The family made two trips to Europe while William James was still a child, setting a pattern that resulted in thirteen more European journeys during his life. James wished to pursue painting, his early artistic bent led to an apprenticeship in the studio of [[William Morris Hunt]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], but his father urged him to become a physician instead. Since this did not align with James's interests, he stated that he wanted to specialize in [[physiology]]. Once he figured this was also not what he wanted to do, he then announced he was going to specialize in the nervous system and psychology. James then switched in 1861 to scientific studies at the [[Lawrence Scientific School]] of [[Harvard College]]. In his early adulthood, James suffered from a variety of physical ailments, including those of the eyes, back, stomach, and skin. He was also [[tone deafness|tone deaf]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sacks |first=Oliver |year=2008 |title=Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain, Revised and Expanded Edition |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |page=xiii |isbn=978-1-4000-3353-9}}</ref> He was subject to a variety of psychological symptoms which were diagnosed at the time as [[neurasthenia]], and which included periods of depression during which he contemplated suicide for months on end. Two younger brothers, Garth Wilkinson ([[Wilkie James|Wilkie]]) and Robertson (Bob), fought in the American [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. James himself was an advocate of peace. He suggested that instead of youth serving in the military, they serve the public in a term of service, "to get the childishness knocked out of them." He took up medical studies at [[Harvard Medical School]] in 1864 (according to his brother [[Henry James]], the author). He took a break in the spring of 1865 to join naturalist [[Louis Agassiz]] on a scientific expedition up the [[Amazon River]], but aborted his trip after eight months, as he suffered bouts of severe [[seasickness]] and mild [[smallpox]]. His studies were interrupted once again due to illness in April 1867. He traveled to Germany in search of a cure and remained there until November 1868; at that time he was 26 years old. During this period, he began to publish; reviews of his works appeared in literary periodicals such as the ''[[North American Review]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} James finally earned his [[Medical Doctor|MD]] degree in June 1869 but he never practiced medicine. What he called his "soul-sickness" would only be resolved in 1872, after an extended period of philosophical searching. He married Alice Gibbens in 1878. In 1882 he joined the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>Antony Lysy, "William James, Theosophist", ''The Quest'' Volume 88, number 6, November–December 2000.</ref> James's time in Germany proved intellectually fertile, helping him find that his true interests lay not in medicine but in philosophy and psychology. Later, in 1902 he would write: "I originally studied medicine in order to be a physiologist, but I drifted into psychology and philosophy from a sort of fatality. I never had any philosophic instruction, the first lecture on psychology I ever heard being the first I ever gave".<ref>[[Ralph Barton Perry]], ''The Thought and Character of William James'', vol. 1, (1935), 1996 edition: {{ISBN|0-8265-1279-8}}, p. 228.</ref>
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