Editing Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania (section)

==History==
Wilkinsburg is located in an area of the [[Appalachian Plateau]] where various land and water transportation routes join, an area which historically [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] inhabited, for thousands of years. Geologically, Wilkinsburg centers on a valley going through the hills located east of the three rivers confluence: namely, the [[Allegheny River]], the [[Monongahela River]], and the [[Ohio River]]. The Wilkinsburg valley eased passage by land through the barrier of the [[Appalachian Mountains]], for example travel to and from [[Philadelphia]] and other [[Atlantic]] coast areas, including travel through the [[Cumberland Gap]]. The nearby meeting of the three rivers facilitated passage by water and by land alongside the rivers, which eventually joining the south-flowing [[Mississippi River]], meeting the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and so linking with oceanic trade. This made Wilkinsburg a nexus for divergent routes, where travel from the east and from travel from the south intersected, together with other transportation routes to the north and west. A vital section of the major land road or pathway passage to the east is now [[Penn Avenue]], still a main street of Wilkinsburg.

In the early 1700s, European traders arrived, and by mid-century had some established colonial sites, including [[Fort Duquesne]], established by [[France]]. Subsequently, the general area became a major battleground during the [[French and Indian Wars]], during which [[George Washington]] (who passed through what is now Wilkinsburg in 1753,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilkinsburgpa.gov/about-wilkinsburg/history/a-detailed-history/|title=A Detailed History|website=Wilkinsburg Borough, page 7}}</ref> on a diplomatic mission to French territory), [[Edward Braddock]], and [[John Forbes (British Army officer)|John Forbes]] gained a place in history, each built roads and otherwise enhanced the land transportation routes. The [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763) was fought between France, [[England]], and various Native groups for territorial control. France lost control of the area in 1758. British forces built [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] between 1759 and 1761, near the three river junction. France subsequently relinquished claims on the area. In 1776, the British colonies declared independence, and the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] confirmed the area west of the Appalachians as part of the newly formed United States. In 1780, Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the [[Mason–Dixon line]] westward, and the region became part of Pennsylvania, settling a dispute of which state Wilkinsburg would end up being a part of. The [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)]] resulted in the [[Iroquois]] Nations also relinquishing their claims to the area, but this was not necessarily the case for other Native American polities.

In the 1800s, trade was increasingly augmented by major mining and manufacturing operations. The general area's population continued to proliferate from the late 1800s and the early 1900s, with numerous immigrants from various parts of Europe and African Americans of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] migrating from the Southern United States. For Wilkinsburg, this process sometimes proceeded slowly and sometimes more rapidly.

The Land Company of the Colony of Pennsylvania began to offer deeds in the general area to become Wilkinsburg in 1769. Andrew Levi Levy Sr., purchased 266 acres of woodland, to which he officially gave the name of Africa (for reasons which remain obscure).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QFVo5W0YP2IC&q=henry+herr&pg=PA9 Wilkinsburg Historical Society (2007) ''Wilkinsburg'', Arcadia Publishing, 9. The map on page 10 shows his name as Levi Andrew Levy, Sr.]</ref> In 1788, Levy sold his deed to [[William Thompson (general)|William Thompson]] (a retired brigadier general who had served in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]). Thompson died shortly after, and the land was sold to Col. Dunning McNair (the father of [[Dunning R. McNair]], who would become the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate|sergeant at arms of the United States Senate]], 1853–1861).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QFVo5W0YP2IC&q=henry+herr&pg=PA9 Wilkinsburg Historical Society (2007) ''Wilkinsburg'', Arcadia Publishing, 9.]</ref>

Dunning McNair was a significant landholder. In 1790, Dunning McNair laid out a village called McNairstown on the "Great Road" later known as [[Penn Avenue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilkinsburgpa.gov/about-wilkinsburg/history/a-detailed-history/|title=A Detailed History|website=Wilkinsburg Borough|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> In a deed dated September 1812, McNair deeded land to a certain Patrick Green, by which Wilkinsburgh was officially registered. In 1825, Dunning McNair died. By 1812, the village was referred to as "Wilkinsburgh" in honor of [[John Wilkins Jr.]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilkinsburg Historical Society|title=Wilkinsburg|page=9|series=Images of America|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7385-4917-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFVo5W0YP2IC&q=%22john+wilkins+jr%22&pg=PA7}}</ref> a wartime friend of McNair.

James Kelly began a half-century or so of heavy involvement with the area when he paid $12,000 for McNair's former land, which Kelly subsequently added to. James Kelly was involved in much of the civic, religious, educational and other activities during this period.<ref>[https://www.wilkinsburgpa.gov/about-wilkinsburg/history/a-detailed-history/ Wilkinsburg Borough official website, "A Detailed History", accessed 07 October 2022]</ref> In 1873 the City of Pittsburgh annexed a portion of [[Wilkins Township, Pennsylvania|Wilkins Township]] containing Wilkinsburg, but less than three years later, a legal action reversed the annexation.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Davison|editor1-first=Elizabeth M.|editor2-last=McKee|editor2-first=Ellen B.|title=Annals of Old Wilkinsburg and Vicinity|year=1940|publisher=Group for Historical Research|location=Wilkinsburg, PA|pages=469–473|url=https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A00awk9209m}}</ref>

On October 5, 1887, Wilkinsburg separated from the recently created Sterrett Township to become an independent borough.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Davison|editor1-first=Elizabeth M.|editor2-last=McKee|editor2-first=Ellen B.|title=Annals of Old Wilkinsburg and Vicinity|year=1940|publisher=Group for Historical Research|location=Wilkinsburg, PA|pages=540, 545|url=https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A00awk9209m}}</ref>

Although the borough has been economically depressed in recent years, many efforts are being made to change this. In 2004, the [[Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation]] launched initiatives in partnership with its for-profit development affiliate, Landmark Development Corporation, to begin restoration work on historic structures in Wilkinsburg's Hamnett Place neighborhood. Within a decade, more than 70 structures were improved, a new neighborhood center was opened, and the community's supply of [[Affordable housing in the United States|affordable housing]] was increased. The collaborators were subsequently honored with the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation National Preservation Award to recognize their accomplishments.<ref>Sisson, Patrick. "[https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/20/16680750/historic-preservation-pittsburgh-hamnett-place How historic preservation rebuilt a Pittsburgh neighborhood: Brick house by brick house, the award-winning effort to restore Hamnett Place offers a roadmap for creating affordable housing.]" Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ''Curbed'', November 20, 2017.</ref><ref>Martines, Jamie. "[https://archive.triblive.com/local/allegheny/13960517-74/wilkinsburg-continues-efforts-to-overcome-blight-renew-itself Wilkinsburg continues efforts to overcome blight, renew itself]." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: TribLive, August 10, 2018.</ref> During this time, the [[Hamnett Historic District]] was also established; that historic district was then approved on June 28, 2010, for listing on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>"[https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2010/06/08/2010-13618/national-register-of-historic-places-notification-of-pending-nominations-and-related-actions National Register of Historic Places; Notification of Pending Nominations and Related Actions]," in ''Federal Register'', June 8, 2010, pp. 32502-32503. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved online September 30, 2019.</ref>

In 2015, the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation and its for-profit affiliate, Landmark Development Corporation, entered into a collaboration with Falconhurst Development to begin an $11.5 million multi-site restoration within and near the Hamnett Historic District. In addition to restoring four vacant buildings which had been built sometime around the beginning of the 20th century, the developer had plans to open a series of new townhouses in the same area by 2016, with the collaborators again indicating that the housing would be affordable, based on [[United States Housing and Urban Development Department]] (HUD) guidelines. The ground was broken on the project in late September 2015.<ref>Beras, Erika. "[https://www.wesa.fm/post/restoration-begins-historic-wilkinsburg-housing Restoration Begins on Historic Wilkinsburg Housing]." Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: WESA Radio (PBS), September 28, 2015.</ref>

===Home of modern broadcasting===
[[File:Frank Conrad radio station 8XK 1920.jpg|thumb|Frank Conrad radio station 8XK 1920]]

Modern [[broadcasting]] as known in its current form began when Wilkinsburg resident [[Frank Conrad]] spearheaded a radio laboratory at his home, coordinated with [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] and the [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|United States Signal Corps]], under a special [[World War I|war time]] permit (using call signs 2-WM and 2-WE).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/radioindustrysto00harvrich#page/191/mode/1up "The Early History of Broadcasting in the United States"] by H. P. Davis, included in ''The Radio Industry: The Story of Its Development'', 1928, pages 191-192.</ref> After moving from [[Swissvale, Pennsylvania|Swissvale]] to Wilkinsburg, Conrad installed a radio station on the top floor of his backyard two-story garage, with a microphone, where he worked into the wee hours of the morning, eventually resulting in the development of modern broadcasting, as [[do it yourself]] listeners who had made their own [[crystal radio]] sets began to respond, some quite enthused by the music broadcast when Frank Conrad coupled a phonograph to radio. Wilkinsburg thus became the original location for modern broadcasting, combining the concepts of "the station, the audience, the programs, and a means to pay for the programs" after Conrad accepted a donation from a Wilkinsburg music store to promote its musical offerings.<ref>[http://www.nmbpgh.org/conrad_project/historical_background/conrad.htm "Frank Conrad: Sleepless Genius"], National Museum of Broadcasting (nmbpgh.org)</ref> This was all before and leading up to [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] and the development of commercial radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmbpgh.org/conrad_project/historical_background/commercial.htm|title = Commercial Broadcasting}}</ref> In 1916, KDKA began broadcasting, as experimental station 8XK, from the Westinghouse plant in East Pittsburgh and in a small garage owned by [[Frank Conrad]], before it was launched with its current call letters on November 2, 1920. In 1923, Wilkinsburg-based [[Russia]]n immigrant [[Vladimir Zworykin]] designed and patented the [[iconoscope]], the photocell "eye" of early television cameras. Today, ABC affiliate [[WTAE-TV]] is located in the borough on Ardmore Boulevard.