Editing Wilhelm Wundt (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Wundt was born at [[Neckarau]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (now part of [[Mannheim]]) on 16 August 1832, the fourth child to parents Maximilian Wundt (1787–1846), a [[Lutheran Church|Lutheran]] minister, and Marie Frederike, née Arnold (1797–1868). Two of Wundt's siblings died in childhood; his brother, Ludwig, survived.<ref name = Fahrenberg2019 /> Wundt's paternal grandfather was Friedrich Peter Wundt (1742–1805), professor of geography and pastor in [[Wieblingen]]. When Wundt was about six years of age, his family moved to [[Heidelsheim]], then a small medieval town in [[Baden-Württemberg]].<ref>Lamberti, 1995, pp. 15–22.</ref>

Born in the [[German Confederation]] at a time that was considered very economically stable, Wundt grew up during a period in which the reinvestment of wealth into educational, medical and technological development was commonplace. An economic striving for the advancement of knowledge catalyzed the development of a new psychological study method, and facilitated his development into the prominent psychological figure he is today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/germany186619450000crai|title=Germany, 1866–1945|first=Gordon Alexander|last=Craig|date=22 October 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2023}}

===Education and Heidelberg career===
Wundt studied from 1851 to 1856 at the [[University of Tübingen]], at the [[University of Heidelberg]], and at the [[University of Berlin]]. After graduating as a [[doctor of medicine]] from Heidelberg (1856), with doctoral advisor [[Karl Ewald Hasse]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wundt|first= Wilhelm|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10853404|title=Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Nerven in entzündeten und degenerirten Organen | trans-title= Research on the behaviour of nerves in burned and degenerating organs | date= 1856 | type= MD thesis | work= Department of Pathology | place= University of Frieburg}}</ref> Wundt studied briefly with [[Johannes Peter Müller]], before joining the Heidelberg University's staff, becoming an assistant to the [[physicist]] and physiologist [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] in 1858 with responsibility for teaching the laboratory course in physiology. There he wrote ''Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception'' (1858–1862). In 1864, he became associate professor for [[anthropology]] and [[medical psychology]] and published a textbook about human physiology. However, his main interest, according to his lectures and classes, was not in the medical field – he was more attracted by psychology and related subjects. His lectures on psychology were published as ''Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology'' in 1863–1864. Wundt applied himself to writing a work that came to be one of the most important in the history of psychology, ''Principles of Physiological Psychology'', in 1874. This was the first textbook that was written pertaining to the field of experimental psychology.<ref>Lamberti, 1995, pp. 81–86, pp. 114–134.</ref>

===Marriage and family===
In 1867, near Heidelberg, Wundt met Sophie Mau (1844–1912). She was the eldest daughter of the Kiel theology professor {{ill|Heinrich August Mau|de}} and his wife Louise, née von Rumohr, and a sister of the archaeologist [[August Mau]]. They married on 14 August 1872 in Kiel.<ref>Lamberti, 1995, pp. 87–113.</ref> The couple had three children: Eleanor (1876–1957), who became an assistant to her father in many ways, Louise, called Lilli, (1880–1884) and {{ill|Max Wundt|de}} (1879–1963), who became a philosophy professor.

===Career in Zurich and Leipzig===
In 1875, Wundt was promoted to professor of "Inductive Philosophy" in Zurich, and in 1875, Wundt was made professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig where [[Ernst Heinrich Weber]] (1795–1878) and [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]] (1801–1887) had initiated research on sensory psychology and [[psychophysics]] – and where two centuries earlier [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] had developed his philosophy and [[theoretical psychology]], which strongly influenced Wundt's intellectual path. Wundt's admiration for Ernst Heinrich Weber was clear from his memoirs, where he proclaimed that Weber should be regarded as the father of experimental psychology: "I would rather call Weber the father of experimental psychology…It was Weber's great contribution to think of measuring psychic quantities and of showing the exact relationships between them, to be the first to understand this and carry it out."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=David|date=Autumn 2017|title=David K. Robinson on an important meeting of minds at Leipzig University|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-23/edition-12/founding-fathers|journal=Founding Fathers|volume=23|pages=976–977|via=google scholar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812155911/http://c/|archive-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>

===Laboratory of Experimental Psychology===
In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt opened the first laboratory ever to be exclusively devoted to psychological studies, and this event marked the official birth of psychology as an independent field of study. The new lab was full of graduate students carrying out research on topics assigned by Wundt, and it soon attracted young scholars from all over the world who were eager to learn about the new science that Wundt had developed.

The University of Leipzig assigned Wundt a lab in 1876 to store equipment he had brought from Zurich. Located in the Konvikt building, many of Wundt's demonstrations took place in this laboratory due to the inconvenience of transporting his equipment between the lab and his classroom. Wundt arranged for the construction of suitable instruments and collected many pieces of equipment such as [[tachistoscope]]s, [[Clock|chronoscopes]], pendulums, electrical devices, timers, and sensory mapping devices, and was known to assign an instrument to various graduate students with the task of developing uses for future research in experimentation.<ref>Wontorra: Frühe apparative Psychologie, 2009.</ref> Between 1885 and 1909, there were 15 assistants.<ref name="Meischner-Metge2003">Anneros Meischner-Metge: Wilhelm Wundt und seine Schüler. In: Horst-Peter Brauns (Ed.): Zentenarbetrachtungen. Historische Entwicklungen in der neueren Psychologie bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a.M. 2003, pp.&nbsp;156–166.</ref>

[[File:Wundt-research-group.jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{center|Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind}}]]

In 1879, Wundt began conducting experiments that were not part of his course work, and he claimed that these independent experiments solidified his lab's legitimacy as a formal laboratory of psychology, though the university did not officially recognize the building as part of the campus until 1883. The laboratory grew and encompassed a total of eleven rooms. The Psychological Institute, as it became known, eventually moved to a new building that Wundt had designed specifically for psychological research.<ref>Wundt: Das Institut für experimentelle Psychologie, 1909, 118–133.</ref>

===Wundt's teaching in the Institute for Experimental Psychology===
The list of Wundt's lectures during the winter terms of 1875–1879 shows a wide-ranging programme, 6 days a week, on average 2 hours daily, e.g. in the winter term of 1875: [[Psychology of language]], [[Anthropology]], [[Logic]] and [[Epistemology]]; and during the subsequent summer term: [[Psychology]], Brain and Nerves, as well as [[Physiology]]. [[Cosmology]], Historical and General Philosophy were included in the following terms.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bringmann | first1 = Ungerer | year = 1990 | title = The Foundation of the Institute for Experimental Psychology at Leipzig University | journal = Psychological Research | volume = 42 | page = 13 }}</ref>

===Wundt's doctoral students===
Wundt was responsible for an extraordinary number of doctoral dissertations between 1875 and 1919: 185 students including 70 foreigners (of whom 23 were from Russia, Poland, and other east-European countries and 18 were from America).<ref name="Meischner-Metge2003" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psychologie.biphaps.uni-leipzig.de/hist.html|title=Homepage des Instituts für Psychologie an der Universität Leipzig|website=psychologie.biphaps.uni-leipzig.de|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Several of Wundt's students became eminent psychologists in their own right. They include the Germans [[Oswald Külpe]] (a professor at the University of Würzburg), [[Ernst Meumann]] (a professor in Leipzig and in [[Hamburg]] and a pioneer in pedagogical psychology), [[Hugo Münsterberg]] (a professor in [[Freiburg]] and at [[Harvard University]], a pioneer in applied psychology), and cultural psychologist [[Willy Hellpach]], and the Armenian [[Gourgen Edilyan]].

The Americans listed include [[James McKeen Cattell]] (the first professor of psychology in the United States), [[Granville Stanley Hall]] (the father of the child psychology movement and adolescent developmental theorist, head of [[Clark University]]), [[Charles Hubbard Judd]] (Director of the School of Education at the University of Chicago), [[Walter Dill Scott]] (who contributed to the development of industrial psychology and taught at Harvard University), [[Edward Bradford Titchener]], [[Lightner Witmer]] (founder of the first psychological clinic in his country), [[Frank Angell]], [[Edward Wheeler Scripture]], [[James Mark Baldwin]] (one of the founders of Princeton's Department of Psychology and who made important contributions to early psychology, psychiatry, and to the theory of evolution).

Wundt, thus, is present in the [[Academic genealogy|academic "family tree"]] of the majority of American psychologists, first and second generation.<ref>J. Ben-David, R. Collins: Social factors in the origins of a new science: The case of psychology. American Sociological Review, 1966, Volume 31, 451–465.</ref> – Worth mentioning are the Englishman [[Charles Spearman]]; the Romanian [[Constantin Rădulescu-Motru]] (Personalist philosopher and head of the Philosophy department at the university of [[Bucharest]]), [[Hugo Eckener]], the manager of the [[Luftschiffbau Zeppelin]] – not to mention those students who became philosophers (like [[Rudolf Eisler]] or the Serbian [[Ljubomir Nedić]]). – Students (or visitors) who were later to become well known included [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev]] (Bechterev), [[Franz Boas]], [[Émile Durkheim]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Bronisław Malinowski]], [[George Herbert Mead]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[Ferdinand Tönnies]], [[Benjamin Lee Whorf]].<ref name="Meischner-Metge2003" /><ref>Sprung: Wilhelm Wundt – Bedenkenswertes und Bedenkliches aus seinem Lebenswerk. 1979, pp. 73–82.</ref>

Much of Wundt's work was derided mid-century in the United States because of a lack of adequate translations, misrepresentations by certain students, and [[behaviorism]]'s polemic with Wundt's program.<ref name="Fahrenberg 2011">Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt – Pionier der Psychologie ''und'' Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte, 2011.</ref>

===Retirement and death===
Wundt retired in 1917 to devote himself to his scientific writing.<ref name = Bringmannet1975>{{cite journal | last1 = Bringmann | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Balance | first2 = W. D. G. | last3 = Evans | first3 = R. B. | year = 1975 | title = Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920: A brief biographical sketch | journal = Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 287–297 | doi = 10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::AID-JHBS2300110309>3.0.CO;2-L | pmid = 11609842 }}</ref> According to Wirth (1920),  over the summer of 1920, Wundt "felt his vitality waning ... and soon after his eighty-eighth birthday, he died ... a gentle death on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 3" {{nowrap|(p. 1).}}<ref>{{Cite journal
| last= Wirth | first= W. |date=1920 | title=Unserem grossen Lehrer Wilhelm Wundt in unauslöschlicher Dankbarkeit zum Gedächtnis!  | trans-title=In eternal gratitude to the memory of our great teacher Wilhelm Wundt! | journal= Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie | volume= 40 | pages= 1–16 | url= https://archive.org/details/archivfurdiegesamtepsychologie.v.40.1920.princeton/page/n9/mode/2up |language=de }}</ref> Wundt is buried in Leipzig's [[Südfriedhof (Leipzig)|South Cemetery]] with his wife, Sophie, and their daughters, Lilli and Eleanor.

[[File:Wilhelm Wundt Gravestone.jpg|thumb|Wundt's gravestone{{efn|The main part of the inscription is:
<poem>
WILHELM WUNDT
geboren 16. August 1832 in Neckarau bei Mannheim
gestorben 31. August 1920 in Großbothen bei Leipzig
Gott ist Geist und die ihn anbeten
müssen ihn im Geist und in der Wahrheit anbeten.

SOPHIE WUNDT
GEB[oren], MAU
geboren 23. Januar 1844 in Kiel
gestorben 15. April 1914 in Leipzig
Gott ist die Liebe und wer in Liebe bleibt
der bleibt in Gott und Gott in ihm.

A translation is:

WILHELM WUNDT
born 16 August 1832 in Neckarau in Mannheim[,]
died 31 August 1920 in Großbothen in Leipzig[.]
God is Spirit and they that worship him
must worship him in spirit and in truth.

SOPHIE Wundt
NÉE, MAU
born 23 January 18, 1844 in Kiel[,]
died 15 April 1914 in Leipzig[.]
God is love and who abides in love
abides in God and God in him.
</poem>}}]]