Editing Wilhelm Marr (section)

==Life==
Marr was born in [[Magdeburg]] as the only son of an actor and stage director.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|location=New York and Oxford|pages=9}}</ref> He went to a primary school in [[Hanover]], then to a high school in [[Braunschweig]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=1986|pages=14}}</ref> In [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]], he was an apprentice in commerce, then he joined his father in [[Vienna]], who had been engaged by the [[Burgtheater]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press|pages=15}}</ref> There he worked as an employee in two Jewish firms. Later, Marr stated that he had unjustly lost his job.<ref name=":0" />

In 1841, he went to [[Zürich]], where he became acquainted with political émigrés (like [[Georg Herwegh]], [[Julius Fröbel]], and [[August Follen]]), most of whom were members of the democratic or liberal leftist movements of the early 19th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=18}}</ref>

In 1843, Marr was expelled from Zürich under the accusation that he had furthered communist activities.<ref name=":1" /> He turned to [[Lausanne]], where he joined Hermann Döleke and Julius Standau, the founders of the secret [[Lake Geneva|Léman]]-Bund, which belonged to the "[[Junges Deutschland (secret society)|Junges Deutschland ]]" (Young German Movement). Marr eventually became the head of the secret society and began to lean towards [[anarchism]] and [[atheism]], founded another secret society, the "Schweizerischer Arbeiterbund" (Swiss Worker's Union) and edited the "Blätter der Gegenwart für soziales Leben" (Present-Day Papers for Social Life, 1844/45). In 1845 he was expelled from Lausanne, too, and went to Hamburg. There he became a political journalist and published the satirical magazine ''Mephistopheles'' (1847/48–1852).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=21}}</ref> He belonged to the leftists of the radical-democratic "party" and was a delegate to the [[Frankfurt Parliament|National Assembly]] in Frankfurt after the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|March-Revolution of 1848]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=22}}</ref> After the ultimate failure of the revolution he became, like so many other former revolutionaries, a proponent of the idea of [[German unification]] under Prussian leadership.<ref name=":2" />

In 1852, Marr went abroad, to [[Costa Rica]], where he tried to make a living as a businessman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=33, 35}}</ref> Lacking success, he returned to Hamburg, worked again as a journalist, and in 1854 he married Georgine Johanna Bertha Callenbach, daughter of a Jewish businessman who had renounced his faith.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=71}}</ref>

In 1859, Marr was elected member of the [[Hamburg Parliament]]. In an article, in the ''Courier an der Weser'' on 13 June 1862, he attacked the elected liberal speaker of the house, the Jewish lawyer {{ill|Isaac Wolffson|de}}, accusing him and other Jews of betraying the democratic movement and abusing their emancipation in order to enter the [[Hanseaten (class)|city's merchant class]]. After extensive public protests, Marr was not reelected in 1862.<ref>Werner Bergmann, [http://juedische-geschichte-online.net/beitrag/bergmann-marr-judenspiegel „Wilhelm Marrs Judenspiegel“], on: ''[http://juedische-geschichte-online.net/ Hamburger Schlüsseldokumente zur deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte: Eine Online-Quellenedition]'', retrieved on 30 November 2017.</ref>

Marr and his first wife were divorced in 1873.<ref name=":3" /> In 1874, Marr married a Jewish woman, Helene Sophia Emma Maria Behrend, who died within the same year.<ref name=":3" /> Marr's first marriage was an unhappy one, and despite being financially stable, Marr was in emotional distress.<ref name=":3" /> Marr's second marriage was a happy one, but then his wife and child died within days of each other, which left Marr in great distress and bitter towards the world.<ref name=":3" /> In 1875, there was a third marriage, to Jenny Therese Kornick (whose parents lived in a Christian-Jewish mixed marriage), who bore him a son.<ref name=":3" /> In 1877, this marriage was ended in divorce too; Marr's last wife was Clara Maria Kelch, daughter of a Hamburg working man.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|pages=72}}</ref>