Editing Wickenburg, Arizona (section)

==History==
[[File:Henry Wickenburg (ca. 1900).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Henry Wickenburg]]
[[File:Wickenburg,1874.jpg|thumb|left|Grant's Stage Station, Wickenburg, 1873 or 1874]]
[[File:Arizona - Oraibi through Yuma - NARA - 23933719.jpg|thumb|right|Wickenburg in the 1940s]]
The Wickenburg area, along with much of the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], became part of the United States by the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|1848 treaty]] that ended the [[Mexican–American War]]. The first extensive survey was conducted by Gila Rangers who were pursuing Natives who had raided the [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] route and attacked miners at [[Gila City]].{{cn|date=January 2022}}

In 1862, a gold strike on the [[Colorado River]] near present-day [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] brought American prospectors, who searched for minerals throughout central Arizona. Many of the geographic landmarks now bear the names of these pioneers, including the [[Weaver Mountains]], named after [[mountain man]] [[Pauline Weaver]], and [[Peeples Valley]], named after a settler.

A German named [[Henry Wickenburg]] was one of the first prospectors. His efforts were rewarded with the discovery of the [[Vulture Mine]], from which more than $30 million worth of gold has been dug.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of the Vulture Gold Mine in Arizona |url=http://www.jpc-training.com/vulture.htm}}</ref>

Ranchers and farmers soon built homes along the fertile plain of the [[Hassayampa River]]. Together with the miners, they founded the town of Wickenburg in 1863. Wickenburg was also the home of [[Jack Swilling]], who prospected in the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] Valley in 1867. Swilling conducted irrigation efforts in that area and helped found the city of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. Wickenburg was supplied from the Colorado River, by [[steamboat]], then over the [[La Paz–Wikenburg Road]] by wagons and pack mules. Wickenburg in turn became a supply point for the mines and army posts in the interior of Arizona Territory. In those years, the rapidly growing town had even once been viewed as a possible candidate for territorial capital and lost the opportunity in 1866 by just two votes in the newly-established legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Wickenburg &#124; Wickenburg AZ - Official Website |url=https://www.ci.wickenburg.az.us/1306/About-Wickenburg}}</ref>

As the town grew, conflicts developed with the [[Yavapai|Yavapai people]], who rejected a treaty signed by their chiefs, effectively breaking the treaty. When the [[American Civil War]] began in 1861, the Federal troops were all withdrawn and the settlements were left unprotected.
[[File: Wickenburg-Wickenburg Massacre site Marker-1.jpg|thumb|left|Vicinity marker where the Wickenburg Massacre took place in 1871]]
The Yavapai promptly began a series of attacks on the white townsmen. A company of [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[cavalry]] brought temporary relief, but it fell back before the advance of [[Union (American Civil War)|Union troops]] from California. By 1869, an estimated 1,000 Yavapai and 400 settlers had been killed, with many on both sides fleeing to safer areas. With the end of the war, the Union troops and local volunteers forced the Yavapai onto a reservation, where they remain to this day.

However, Yavapai recalcitrants remained for years, and raids on stage-coaches, isolated farm houses, and periodic raids on villages kept the area in a constant state of tension. Finally, following several murders of Yavapai chiefs allied with America by insurgent Yavapai warriors, hostile warrior tribal leaders mobilized the entire Yavapai warrior band into a massive assault on the primary American settlement of Wickenburg and massacred or drove out much of the American populace.<ref name="Pry">{{Cite book |last=Pry |first=Mark E. |title=The Town on the Hassayampa: A History of Wickenburg, Arizona |publisher=Desert Caballeros Western Museum |year=1997 |isbn=0965737705}}</ref>{{rp|39–46}}

In 1872, in response to the assassination of friendly Yavapai chiefs, the take-over of the entire Yavapai nation and its reservation by hostile elements, and with most of the American area under continual penetrating raids by Yavapai warrior bands, General [[George Crook]] began an all-out campaign against the Yavapai, with the aim of forcing the insurgent Yavapai warrior bands into a decisive battle and the removal of Yavapai settlers from American territory. After several months of forced marches, feints, and pitched skirmishes by combined Arizona territorial militia and US Army Cavalry, Crook forced the Yavapai bands into a single decisive battle. In December 1872, the [[Battle of Salt River Canyon]] in the [[Superstition Mountains]] decisively routed the Yavapai, and within a year most Yavapai resistance was crushed.

[[File:WickenburgCountryside.JPG|thumb|Sonoran Desert outside Wickenburg, Arizona]]

Having broken their treaty with America several times, with most of the friendly and allied chiefs killed by insurgent Yavapais, who also killed Americans, Crook was authorized to enter into new negotiations with the aim of reducing the size of the Yavapai reservation and removing it to an area more readily cordoned off from American communities and their communication lines. The surviving Yavapai warrior leaders grudgingly accepted the treaty which left the nation in far worse conditions than previously. They were compelled to surrender their firearms, move to the [[Fort Verde State Historic Park|Fort Verde Reservation]], accept a permanent Army garrison on their territory, accept direct administration by American [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] agents and commissioners, have trade firmly emplaced in the hands of American government agents, and be regulated by an [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police]] force picked and trained by the US Army and later Arizona Territorial officers. After only two years on the Rio Verde Reservation, however, local officials grew concerned about the Yavapais' continued hostility, success, and self-sufficiency, so they persuaded the federal government to close their reservation and move all the Yavapai to the [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation]].

The infant town of Wickenburg went through many trials and tribulations in its first decades, surviving the [[Indian Wars]] including repeating Indian raids, outlaws, [[mine closure]]s, drought, and a disastrous flood in 1890 when the Walnut Creek Dam burst, killing nearly 70 residents. In spite of such challenging circumstances, the town continued to grow. Its prosperity was ensured with the coming of the railroad in 1895. The historic train depot today houses the Wickenburg Chamber of Commerce and Visitor Center. As of 2007, however, only freight trains pass through Wickenburg; passenger trains ended their runs in the 1960s.
[[File: Wickenburg-Wickenburg Twon Hall.jpg|left|thumb|Wickenburg Town Hall located at 155 North Tegner Street]]
Along the town's main historic district, early businesses built many structures that still form Wickenburg's downtown area. Tourism led to the development of [[guest ranch]]es, with as many as 14 operating in the 1950s and 1960s, when Wickenburg billed itself as the "Dude Ranch Capital of the World",<ref>Naylor, Roger. "Vanishing Arizona: Dude ranches." https://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/local/history/2014/02/21/open-space-slower-pace/5676979/</ref> with development spurred by the construction of [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|U.S. Route 60]]. As of 2007, some of these ranches still offer their hospitality. Rancho de los Caballeros is now a golf resort, while the Remuda ranch has been converted into the nation's largest eating disorder treatment facility and is now Wickenburg's largest employer. The Hassayampa community became a vital contributor to the US effort during World War II when the Army trained thousands of men to fly gliders at a newly constructed airfield west of Wickenburg.<ref name="Pry" />{{rp|145}}