Editing White supremacy (section)

==History==
White supremacy has ideological foundations that date back to 17th-century [[scientific racism]], the predominant paradigm of human variation that helped shape international relations and racial policy from the latter part of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] until the late 20th century (marked by decolonization and the abolition of [[apartheid]] in South Africa in 1991, followed by that country's [[South African general election, 1994|first multiracial elections in 1994]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===United States===
{{main category|White supremacy in the United States}}
{{See also|Racism in the United States}}

[[Image:duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|White men pose for a photograph of the [[1920 Duluth lynchings|1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings]]. Two of the black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground. [[Lynching in the United States|Lynchings]] were often public spectacles for the white community to celebrate white supremacy in the U.S., and photos were often sold as postcards.<ref>{{cite news |title=History of Lynching in America |url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america |access-date=March 14, 2022 |agency=NAACP |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103133929/https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america |url-status=live }}</ref>]] 
[[File:Ku Klux Klan parade7 crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Ku Klux Klan]] parade in Washington, D.C. in 1926]]

==== Early history ====
White supremacy was dominant in the United States both before and after the [[American Civil War]], and it persisted for decades after the [[Reconstruction Era]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fredrickson | first = George | author-link=George M. Fredrickson | title = White Supremacy | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford Oxfordshire | year = 1981 |isbn=978-0-19-503042-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162 162] | url = https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162 }}</ref> The [[Virginia Slave Codes of 1705]] socially segregated white colonists from black enslaved persons, making them disparate groups and hindering their ability to unite. Unity of the commoners was a perceived fear of the Virginia aristocracy, who wished to prevent repeated events such as [[Bacon's Rebellion]], occurring 29 years prior.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenelon |first1=James V. |title=INDIAN, BLACK AND IRISH: indigenous nations, african peoples, european invasions, 1492-1790 |date=2023 |publisher=ROUTLEDGE |location=S.l. |isbn=9781003315087}}</ref> Prior to the Civil War, many wealthy [[Slavery in the United States|white Americans owned slaves]]; they tried to justify their economic exploitation of black people by creating a [[Scientific racism|"scientific" theory of white superiority and black inferiority]].<ref name=Boggs>{{cite journal |jstor=41202851 |title=Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States |last=Boggs |first=James |author-link=James Boggs (activist) |journal=The Black Scholar |publisher=Paradigm Publishers |date=October 1970 |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=2–5|doi=10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000 }}</ref> One such slave owner, future president [[Thomas Jefferson]], wrote in 1785 that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind."<ref>[[Paul Finkelman]] (November 12, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all "The Monster of Monticello"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409233132/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all |date=April 9, 2022 }}. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 14, 2020.</ref> In the [[antebellum South]], four million slaves were denied freedom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Paul|date=2012-06-16|title=How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914160449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war|archive-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy being cited as a cause for [[Secession in the United States|state secession]]<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811013053/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp |date=August 11, 2011 }}: "We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable. That in this free government all white men are and of right ought to be entitled to equal civil and political rights; that the servitude of the African race, as existing in these States, is mutually beneficial to both bond and free, and is abundantly authorized and justified by the experience of mankind, and the revealed will of the Almighty Creator, as recognized by all Christian nations; while the destruction of the existing relations between the two races, as advocated by our sectional enemies, would bring inevitable calamities upon both and desolation upon the fifteen slave-holding states."</ref> and the formation of the [[Confederate States of America]].<ref>[http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76 The controversial "Cornerstone Speech", Alexander H. Stephens (Vice President of the Confederate States), March 21, 1861, Savannah, Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117085333/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76 |date=November 17, 2007 }}: "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition."</ref> In an 1890 editorial about Native Americans and the [[American Indian Wars]], author [[L. Frank Baum]] wrote: "The Whites, by [[Right of conquest|law of conquest]], by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm |title=L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation |access-date=December 9, 2007  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2007 }} Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings</ref>

The [[Naturalization Act of 1790]] limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Jeffrey D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&q=African+Americans+discriminated+by+Naturalization+Act+of+1790&pg=PA284|title=Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57356-148-8|page=284|publisher=Oryx Press|access-date=March 25, 2010|archive-date=March 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150238/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&q=African+Americans+discriminated+by+Naturalization+Act+of+1790&pg=PA284|url-status=live}}</ref> In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were [[disfranchisement|disenfranchised]], barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the 20th century. Professor Leland T. Saito of the [[University of Southern California]] writes: "Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion."<ref>Leland T. Saito (1998). "Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb". p. 154. University of Illinois Press</ref>

==== 20th century ====
The denial of social and political freedom to minorities continued into the mid-20th century, resulting in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html |title=50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America |access-date=October 3, 2015 |publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |date=August 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004044615/http://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html |archive-date=October 4, 2015 }}</ref> The movement was spurred by the [[lynching]] of [[Emmett Till]], a 14-year-old boy. David Jackson writes it was the image of the "murdered child's ravaged body, that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of [[American racism]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement |url=http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson |access-date=2017-08-05 |website=100 Photographs {{!}} The Most Influential Images of All Time |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706123149/http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson  }}</ref> [[Vann R. Newkirk II]] wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |author-link=Vann R. Newkirk II |title=How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today |language=en-US |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/ |access-date=2017-08-05 |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213446/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moved by the image of Till's body in the casket, one hundred days after his murder [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haas |first=Jeffrey |title=The Assassination of Fred Hampton |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-56976-709-2 |location=Chicago |page=17}}</ref>

Sociologist Stephen Klineberg has stated that U.S. immigration laws prior to 1965 clearly "declared that [[Northern European]]s are a superior subspecies of the white race".<ref name="Immigration law" />{{Efn|This quote is by Klineberg in the NPR story, not from the text of any US law.}} The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] opened entry to the U.S. to non-Germanic groups, and significantly altered the demographic mix in the U.S. as a result.<ref name="Immigration law">{{cite news |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=April 6, 2018 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |url-status=live }}</ref> With 38 U.S. states having banned [[interracial marriage]] through [[anti-miscegenation laws]], the last 16 states had such laws in place until 1967 when they were invalidated by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]' decision in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.<ref>[[Earl Warren|Warren, Earl]]. Majority opinion. ''Loving v. Virginia''. ''Documents of American Constitutional and Legal History'', edited by Urofsky and Finkelman, Oxford UP, 2002, p. 779.</ref> These mid-century gains had a major impact on white Americans' political views; segregation and white racial superiority, which had been publicly endorsed in the 1940s, became minority views within the white community by the mid-1970s, and continued to decline in 1990s' polls to a single-digit percentage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations|last1=Schuman|first1=Howard|author-link1=Howard Schuman|last2=Steeh|first2=Charlotte|last3=Bobo|first3=Lawrence|author-link3=Lawrence D. Bobo|last4=Krysan|first4=Maria|date=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-74568-1|pages=103ff|quote=The questions deal with most of the major racial issues that became focal in the middle of the twentieth century: integration of public accommodations, school integration, residential integration, and job discrimination [and] racial intermarriage and willingness to vote for a black presidential candidate. ... The trends that occur for most of the principle items are quite similar and can be illustrated ...using attitudes toward school integration as an example. The figure shows that there has been a massive and continuous movement of the American public from overwhelming acceptance of the ''principle'' of segregated schooling in the early 1940s toward acceptance of the ''principle'' of integrated schooling. ... by 1985, more than nine out of ten chose the pro-integration response.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Pine Forge Press|isbn=978-1-4129-4107-5| last1 = Healey| first1 = Joseph F.| last2 = O'Brien| first2 = Eileen| title = Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Selected Readings| date = May 8, 2007 | quote = In 1942 only 42 percent of a national sample of whites reported that they believed blacks to be equal to whites in innate intelligence; since the late 1950s, however, around 80 percent of [[white Americans]] have rejected the idea of inherent black inferiority.}}</ref> For sociologist [[Howard Winant]], these shifts marked the end of "monolithic white supremacy" in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winant|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Winant|date=1997|title=Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary US Racial Politics|journal=New Left Review|issue=225|page=73|quote=white racial attitudes shifted dramatically in the postwar period. ... So, monolithic white supremacy is over, yet in a more concealed way, white power and privilege live on.|via=Google Books: «Off White: Readings on Power, Privilege, and Resistance»|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22|isbn=978-0-415-94964-4|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307160233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22#v=snippet&q=%22Behind%20Blue%20Eyes%3A%20Whiteness%20and%20Contemporary%20US%20Racial%20%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the mid-1960s, white supremacy remained an important ideology to the [[Radical right (United States)|American far-right]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-3760-0| last1 = Berlet| first1 = Chip| author-link1 = Chip Berlet| last2 = Lyons| first2 = Matthew N.| title = Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort| date = March 8, 2018 | quote = While the [[New Right]] and [[Christian Right]] flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, the Far Right also rebounded... The Far Right—encompassing Ku Klux Klan, neonazi, and related organizations—attracted a much smaller following than the New Right, but its influence reverberated in its encouragement of widespread attacks against members of oppressed groups and in broad-based scapegoating campaigns}}</ref> According to [[Kathleen Belew]], a historian of [[Historical race concepts|race]] and [[racism in the United States]], white militancy shifted after the [[Vietnam War]] from supporting the existing racial order to a more radical position (self-described as "[[White Power|white power]]" or "[[white nationalism]]") committed to overthrowing the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] and establishing a white homeland.<ref name=belew>{{Cite book|isbn=978-0-674-28607-8| last = Belew| first = Kathleen| author-link=Kathleen Belew |title = Bring the war home: The white power movement and paramilitary America| date = 2018 | quote = The white power movement that emerged from the Vietnam era shared some common attributes with earlier racist movements in the United States, but it was no mere echo. Unlike previous iterations of the Ku Klux Klan and white-supremacist vigilantism, the white power movement did not claim to serve the state. Instead, white power made the state its target, declaring war against the federal government in 1983.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121624/https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/ |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |title=Declaration of War: The violent rise of white supremacy after Vietnam (How Did Vietnam Transform White Supremacy?) |last=Blanchfield |first=Patrick |date=June 20, 2018 |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=March 12, 2024 |issn=0027-8378}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Such [[Militia organizations in the United States#Opposition to the government|anti-government militia]] organizations are one of three major strands of violent right-wing movements in the United States, with white-supremacist groups (such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[Neo-Nazism in the United States|neo-Nazi]] organizations, and [[White power skinhead|racist skinheads]]) and a [[Fundamentalism|religious fundamentalist]] movement (such as [[Christian Identity]]) being the other two.<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Perliger|first=Arie|date=2012|title=Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America's Violent Far-Right|location=West Point, NY|publisher=Combating Terrorism Center, US Military Academy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year|title=U.S. sees 300 violent attacks inspired by far right every year|date=August 13, 2017|work=PBS NewsHour|access-date=August 11, 2018|archive-date=August 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063804/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year|url-status=live}}</ref> Howard Winant writes that, "On the [[far right]] the cornerstone of white identity is belief in an ineluctable, unalterable racialized difference between whites and nonwhites."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winant|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Winant|date=1997|title=Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary US Racial Politics|journal=New Left Review|issue=225|page=73}}</ref> In the view of philosopher [[Jason Stanley]], white supremacy in the United States is an example of the fascist politics of hierarchy, in that it "demands and implies a perpetual hierarchy" in which whites dominate and control non-whites.<ref>[[Jason Stanley|Stanley, Jason]] (2018). ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. p.13. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref>

==== 21st century ====
The presidential campaign of [[Donald Trump]] led to a surge of interest in white supremacy and [[white nationalism]] in the United States, bringing increased media attention and new members to their movement; his campaign enjoyed their widespread support.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-11 |title=Why White-Nationalist Thugs Thrill to Trump |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2016/04/11/donald-trump-white-supremacist-supporters/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824100325/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2016/04/11/donald-trump-white-supremacist-supporters/ |archive-date=2018-08-24 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Candace |title=The White Nationalists Who Support Donald Trump |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-nationalists-support-donald-trump/story?id=37524610 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215621/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-nationalists-support-donald-trump/story?id=37524610 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=How Trump Is Inspiring A New Generation Of White Nationalists |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-white-nationalists_n_56dd99c2e4b0ffe6f8e9ee7c |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215621/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-white-nationalists_n_56dd99c2e4b0ffe6f8e9ee7c |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10" />

Some academics argue that outcomes from the [[2016 United States Presidential Election]] reflect ongoing challenges with white supremacy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inwood |first1=Joshua |year=2019 |title=White supremacy, white counter-revolutionary politics, and the rise of Donald Trump |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654418789949 |journal=Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=579–596 |doi=10.1177/2399654418789949 |issn=2399-6544 |s2cid=158269272 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200807/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654418789949 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bobo |first1=Lawrence D. |author-link1=Lawrence D. Bobo |date=n.d. |title=Racism in Trump's America: reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=68 |issue=S1 |pages=S85–S104 |doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12324 |issn=1468-4446 |pmid=29114872|s2cid=9714176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Psychologist [[Janet Helms]] suggested that the normalizing behaviors of social institutions of education, government, and healthcare are organized around the "birthright of...the power to control society's resources and determine the rules for [those resources]".<ref name="Helms 2016 6–7" /> Educators, literary theorists, and other political experts have raised similar questions, connecting the [[scapegoating]] of disenfranchised populations to white superiority.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Cornel West on Donald Trump: This is What Neo-Fascism Looks Like |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/12/1/cornel_west_on_donald_trump_this |website=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=March 25, 2018 |archive-date=March 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233311/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/12/1/cornel_west_on_donald_trump_this |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Politics of Gender: Women, Men, and the 2016 Campaign |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/live/events/the-politics-of-gender-2016/2016/  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021849/https://www.theatlantic.com/live/events/the-politics-of-gender-2016/2016/ |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2018 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>

As of 2018, there were over 600 white-supremacist organizations recorded in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Trevor |title=Number of white and black hate groups surge under Trump, extremist-tracking organization says |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/02/22/number-white-and-black-hate-groups-surge-under-trump-extremist-tracking-organization-says/363978002/ |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929051441/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/02/22/number-white-and-black-hate-groups-surge-under-trump-extremist-tracking-organization-says/363978002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 23, 2019, [[Christopher A. Wray]], the head of the [[FBI]], said at a [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] hearing that the agency had made around 100 [[domestic terrorism]] arrests since October 1, 2018, and that the majority of them were connected in some way with white supremacy. Wray said that the Bureau was "aggressively pursuing [domestic terrorism] using both counterterrorism resources and criminal investigative resources and partnering closely with our state and local partners," but said that it was focused on the violence itself and not on its ideological basis. A similar number of arrests had been made for instances of international terrorism. In the past, Wray has said that white supremacy was a significant and "pervasive" threat to the U.S.<ref>Chalfant, Morgan (July 23, 2019) [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/454338-fbis-wray-says-majority-of-domestic-terrorism-arrests-this-year "FBI's Wray says most domestic terrorism arrests this year involve white supremacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927222838/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/454338-fbis-wray-says-majority-of-domestic-terrorism-arrests-this-year/ |date=September 27, 2020 }} ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]''</ref>

On September 20, 2019, the acting [[Secretary of Homeland Security]], [[Kevin McAleenan]], announced his department's revised strategy for counter-terrorism, which included a new emphasis on the dangers inherent in the white-supremacy movement. McAleenan called white supremacy one of the most "potent ideologies" behind domestic terrorism-related violent acts. In a speech at the [[Brookings Institution]], McAleenan cited a series of high-profile shooting incidents, and said "In our modern age, the continued menace of racially based violent extremism, particularly white supremacist extremism, is an abhorrent affront to the nation, the struggle and unity of its diverse population." The new strategy will include better tracking and analysis of threats, sharing information with local officials, training local law enforcement on how to deal with shooting events, discouraging the hosting of hate sites online, and encouraging counter-messages.<ref>Sands, Geneva (September 20, 2019) [https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/20/politics/dhs-counterterrorism-strategy/index.html "Homeland Security counterterrorism strategy focuses on white supremacy threat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922061050/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/20/politics/dhs-counterterrorism-strategy/index.html |date=September 22, 2019 }} ''[[CNN]]''</ref><ref>Williams, Pete (September 20, 2019) [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/department-homeland-security-strategy-adds-white-supremacy-list-threats-n1057136 "Department of Homeland Security strategy adds white supremacy to list of threats"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921170824/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/department-homeland-security-strategy-adds-white-supremacy-list-threats-n1057136 |date=September 21, 2019 }} ''[[NBC News]]''</ref>

In a 2020 article in ''The New York Times'' titled "How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror", columnist [[Charles M. Blow]] wrote:<ref>{{cite news |date=May 27, 2020 |title=How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/opinion/racism-white-women.html |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528023029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/opinion/racism-white-women.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|We often like to make white supremacy a testosterone-fueled masculine expression, but it is just as likely to wear heels as a hood. Indeed, untold numbers of lynchings were executed because white women had claimed that a black man raped, assaulted, talked to or glanced at them. The [[Tulsa race massacre]], the destruction of Black Wall Street, was spurred by an incident between a white female elevator operator and a black man. 
As the Oklahoma Historical Society points out, the most common explanation is that he stepped on her toe. As many as 300 people were killed because of it. The torture and murder of 14-year-old [[Emmett Till]] in 1955, a lynching actually, occurred because a white woman said that he "grabbed her and was menacing and sexually crude toward her". This practice, this exercise in racial extremism has been dragged into the modern era through the weaponizing of 9-1-1, often by white women, to invoke the power and force of the police who they are fully aware are hostile to black men. This was again evident when a [[Central Park birdwatching incident|white woman in New York's Central Park]] told a black man, a bird-watcher, that she was going to call the police and tell them that he was threatening her life.}}

==== Patterns of influence ====

===== Political violence =====
The [[Tuskegee University|Tuskegee Institute]] has estimated that 3,446 blacks were the victims of [[lynchings in the United States]] between 1882 and 1968, with the peak occurring in the 1890s at a time of economic stress in the South and increasing political suppression of blacks. If 1,297 whites were also lynched during this period, blacks were disproportionally targeted, representing 72.7% of all people lynched.<ref name="tuskegee_umkc">{{cite web |title=Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968 |url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629081241/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html |archive-date=June 29, 2010 |access-date=July 26, 2010 |publisher=University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law |quote=Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Lynchings |url=https://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/ |access-date=July 1, 2020 |website=NAACP |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630075925/http://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to scholar Amy L. Wood, "lynching photographs constructed and perpetuated white supremacist ideology by creating permanent images of a controlled white citizenry juxtaposed to images of helpless and powerless black men."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Amy Louise |date=2005 |title=Lynching Photography and the Visual Reproduction of White Supremacy |journal=American Nineteenth Century History |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=373–399 |doi=10.1080/14664650500381090 |issn=1466-4658 |s2cid=144176806}}</ref>

===== School curriculum =====
{{Main|White supremacy in U.S. school curriculum}}

White supremacy has also played a part in U.S. school curriculum. Over the course of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, material across the spectrum of academic disciplines has been taught with a heavy emphasis on white culture, contributions, and experiences, and a lack of representation of non-white groups' perspectives and accomplishments.<ref>Brown, M. Christopher, (2005). ''The Politics of Curricular Change : Race, Hegemony, and Power in Education''. Land, Roderic R., 1975–. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. {{ISBN|0-8204-4863-X}}. {{OCLC|1066531199}}.</ref><ref name=":0">Mills, Charles W. (1994). "REVISIONIST ONTOLOGIES: THEORIZING WHITE SUPREMACY". ''Social and Economic Studies''. '''43''' (3): 105–134. {{ISSN|0037-7651}}.</ref><ref name=":1">[[Woodson, Carter G.|Carter G. Woodson]] (Carter Godwin) (1993). ''The mis-education of the Negro''. Internet Archive. Trenton, N.J. : AfricaWorld Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-171-3}}.</ref><ref>Boutte, Gloria Swindler (2008). "Beyond the Illusion of Diversity: How Early Childhood Teachers Can Promote Social Justice". ''The Social Studies''. '''99'''(4): 165–173. {{doi|10.3200/TSSS.99.4.165-173}}. {{ISSN|0037-7996}}.</ref> In the 19th century, [[Geography]] lessons contained teachings on a fixed racial hierarchy, which white people topped.<ref name=":4" /> Mills (1994) writes that history as it is taught is really the history of white people, and it is taught in a way that favors white Americans and white people in general. He states that the language used to tell history minimizes the violent acts committed by white people over the centuries, citing the use of the words, for example, "discovery," "colonization," and "[[New World]]" when describing what was ultimately a European conquest of the [[Western Hemisphere]] and its [[Native Americans in the United States|indigenous peoples]].<ref name=":0" /> Swartz (1992) seconds this reading of modern history narratives when it comes to the experiences, resistances, and accomplishments of [[African Americans|black Americans]] throughout the [[Middle Passage]], [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]], [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]], and the [[civil rights movement]]. In an analysis of American history textbooks, she highlights word choices that repetitively "normalize" slavery and the inhumane treatment of black people. She also notes the frequent showcasing of white [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]] and actual exclusion of black abolitionists and the fact that black Americans had been mobilizing for abolition for centuries before the major white American push for abolition in the 19th century. She ultimately asserts the presence of a ''masternarrative'' that centers Europe and its associated peoples (white people) in school curriculum, particularly as it pertains to history.<ref name=":5">Swartz, Ellen (1992). "Emancipatory Narratives: Rewriting the Master Script in the School Curriculum". ''The Journal of Negro Education''. '''61'''(3): 341–355. {{doi|10.2307/2295252}}. {{ISSN|0022-2984}}.</ref> She writes that this masternarrative condenses history into only history that is relevant to, and to some extent beneficial for, white Americans.<ref name=":5" />

Elson (1964) provides detailed information about the historic dissemination of simplistic and negative ideas about non-white races.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Au, Wayne, 1972–. Reclaiming the multicultural roots of U.S. curriculum : communities of color and official knowledge in education. Brown, Anthony Lamar, Aramoni Calderón, Dolores, Banks, James A.,. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8077-5678-2}}. {{OCLC|951742385}}.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Anthony L.|date=2010|title=Counter-memory and Race: An Examination of African American Scholars' Challenges to Early Twentieth Century K-12 Historical Discourses|journal=The Journal of Negro Education|volume=79|issue=1|pages=54–65|jstor=25676109|issn=0022-2984}}</ref> Native Americans, who were subjected to attempts of [[cultural genocide]] by the U.S. government through the use of [[American Indian boarding schools]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Stout, Mary, 1954– (2012). ''Native American boarding schools''. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. {{ISBN|978-0-313-38676-3}}. {{OCLC|745980477}}.</ref> were characterized as homogenously "cruel," a violent menace toward white Americans, and lacking civilization or societal complexity (p.&nbsp;74).<ref name=":4" /> For example, in the 19th century, black Americans were consistently portrayed as lazy, immature, and intellectually and morally inferior to white Americans, and in many ways not deserving of equal participation in U.S. society.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">Elson, Ruth Miller (1964). ''Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.</ref> For example, a math problem in a 19th-century textbook read, "If 5 white men can do as much work as 7 negroes..." implying that white men are more industrious and competent than black men (p.&nbsp;99).<ref>[[Samuel Lander|Lander, Samuel]] (1863). ''Our Own School Arithmetic'', Greensboro, N.C.: Sterling, Campbell, and Albright, in Elson, Ruth Miller (1964). ''Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.</ref> In addition, little to nothing was taught about black Americans' contributions, or their histories before being brought to U.S. soil as slaves.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> According to Wayne (1972), this approach was taken especially much after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] to maintain whites' hegemony over [[Emancipation Proclamation|emancipated]] black Americans.<ref name=":2" /> Other racial groups have received oppressive treatment, including [[Mexican Americans]], who temporarily were prevented from learning the same curriculum as white Americans because they supposedly were intellectually inferior, and Asian Americans, some of whom were prevented from learning much about their ancestral lands because they were deemed a threat to "American" culture, i.e. white culture, at the turn of the 20th century.<ref name=":2" />

=====Role of the Internet=====
With the emergence of Twitter in 2006, and platforms such as ''[[Stormfront (website)|Stormfront]]'', which was launched in 1996, an [[alt-right]] portal for white supremacists with similar beliefs, both adults and children, was provided in which they were given a way to connect. Jessie Daniels, of [[Hunter College|CUNY-Hunter College]], discussed the emergence of other social media outlets such as [[4chan]] and [[Reddit]], which meant that the "spread of white nationalist symbols and ideas could be accelerated and amplified."<ref name=":6" /> Sociologist [[Kathleen Blee]] notes that the anonymity which the Internet provides can make it difficult to track the extent of white-supremacist activity in the country, but nevertheless she and other experts<ref>[https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/8/6/20754828/el-paso-shooting-white-supremacy-rise ''The El Paso shooting isn't an anomaly. It's American history repeating itself. Why white supremacist violence is rising today — and how it echoes some of the darkest moments of our past'', by Zack Beauchamp, Vox, Aug 6, 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806200234/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/8/6/20754828/el-paso-shooting-white-supremacy-rise |date=August 6, 2019 }}.</ref> see an increase in the number of [[hate crime]]s and amount of white-supremacist violence. In the latest wave of white supremacy, in the age of the Internet, Blee sees the movement as having become primarily a virtual one, in which divisions between groups become blurred: "[A]ll these various groups that get jumbled together as the alt-right and people who have come in from the more traditional neo-Nazi world. We're in a very different world now."<ref>Chow, Kat (December 8, 2018) [https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/12/08/671999530/what-the-ebbs-and-flows-of-the-kkk-can-tell-us-about-white-supremacy-today "What The Ebbs And Flows Of The KKK Can Tell Us About White Supremacy Today"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209082216/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/12/08/671999530/what-the-ebbs-and-flows-of-the-kkk-can-tell-us-about-white-supremacy-today |date=December 9, 2018 }} [[NPR]]</ref>

[[David Duke]], a former [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], wrote in 1999 that the Internet was going to create a "chain reaction of racial enlightenment that will shake the world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beckett |first=Lois |date=2020-07-31 |title=Twitter bans white supremacist David Duke after 11 years |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jul/31/david-duke-twitter-ban-white-supremacist |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004458/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jul/31/david-duke-twitter-ban-white-supremacist |url-status=live }}</ref> Daniels documents that racist groups see the Internet as a way to spread their ideologies, influence others and gain supporters.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Daniel|first=Jessie|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=hc_pubs|title=Twitter and White Supremacy: A Love Story|date=October 19, 2017|website=[[CUNY]] Academic Works|access-date=December 9, 2018|archive-date=April 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235839/https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=hc_pubs|url-status=live}}</ref> Legal scholar [[Richard Hasen]] describes a "dark side" of social media:

<blockquote>There certainly were [[hate group]]s before the Internet and social media. [But with social media] it just becomes easier to organize, to spread the word, for people to know where to go. It could be to raise money, or it could be to engage in attacks on social media. Some of the activity is virtual. Some of it is in a physical place. Social media has lowered the collective-action problems that individuals who might want to be in a hate group would face. You can see that there are people out there like you. That's the dark side of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-social-media-helped-organize-and-radicalize-americas-newest-white-supremacists|title=How Social Media Helped Organize and Radicalize America's White Supremacists|last=Diep|first=Francie|website=[[Pacific Standard]]|date=August 15, 2017|access-date=December 9, 2018|archive-date=December 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209101613/https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-social-media-helped-organize-and-radicalize-americas-newest-white-supremacists|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

A series on YouTube hosted by the grandson of [[Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)|Thomas Robb]], the national director of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, "presents the Klan's ideology in a format aimed at kids — more specifically, white kids."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/02/the-andrew-show-racist-andrew-pendergraft_n_3536486.html|title='The Andrew Show,' Hosted By Pint-Sized Andrew Pendergraft, Markets Klan's Racist Message To Kids|last=Bennett-Smith|first=Meredith|date=July 2, 2013|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|access-date=December 9, 2018|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172825/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/02/the-andrew-show-racist-andrew-pendergraft_n_3536486.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The short episodes [[Persuasion|inveigh]] against race-mixing, and extol other white-supremacist ideologies. A short documentary published by [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]] describes Imran Garda's experience, a journalist of Indian descent, who met with Thomas Robb and a traditional KKK group. A sign that greets people who enter the town states "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|Diversity is a code for white genocide]]." The KKK group interviewed in the documentary summarizes its ideals, principles, and beliefs, which are emblematic of white supremacists in the United States. The comic book [[super hero]] [[Captain America]] was used for [[dog whistle politics]] by the alt-right in college campus recruitment in 2017, an ironic co-opting because Captain America battled against Nazis in the comics, and was created by Jewish cartoonists.<ref name="2016 Usage as a racist symbol">{{Cite web |url=http://m.boiseweekly.com/boise/fliers-for-nationalist-organization-appear-at-boise-state/Content?oid=3969556 |title=Fliers For Nationalist Organization Appear at Boise State |last=Harrison |first=Berry |date=January 25, 2017 |publisher=Boise Weekly |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404073854/https://m.boiseweekly.com/boise/fliers-for-nationalist-organization-appear-at-boise-state/Content?oid=3969556 |archive-date=April 4, 2019  }}</ref><ref name="Ties to 2016 presidential election.">{{cite news |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/education/boise-state-university/article128742204.html |title=BSU nationalist group delays 1st meeting after online pushback, media reports |last=Blanchard |first=Nicole |date=January 26, 2017 |newspaper=Idaho Statesman |access-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161209/https://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/education/boise-state-university/article128742204.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===British Commonwealth ===
{{Further|Racial views of Winston Churchill}}
There has been debate whether [[Winston Churchill]], who was voted "the greatest ever Briton" in 2002, was "a racist and white supremacist".<ref name="Heyden" /> In the context of rejecting the Arab wish to stop [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], he said:
<blockquote>I do not admit that the [[The Dog in the Manger|dog in the manger]] has the final right to the manger, though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to those people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race or at any rate a more worldly-wise race ... has come in and taken their place."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4BbDwAAQBAJ&q=andrew+roberts+dog+in+the+manger&pg=PR106|title=Churchill: Walking With Destiny|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|date=2018|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-241-20564-8|location=London|pages=414–15|author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian)|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150158/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4BbDwAAQBAJ&q=andrew+roberts+dog+in+the+manger&pg=PR106|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

British historian [[Richard Toye]], author of ''Churchill's Empire'', concluded that "Churchill did think that white people were superior."<ref name="Heyden">{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Heyden|title=The 10 greatest controversies of Winston Churchill's career|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767|work=BBC News|date=January 26, 2015|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122120902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767|url-status=live}}</ref>

====South Africa====
{{Further|Apartheid|Baasskap}}
A number of Southern African nations experienced severe racial tension and conflict during global [[decolonization]], particularly as [[white Africans of European ancestry]] fought to protect their preferential social and political status. Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times under the [[Dutch Empire]]. It continued when the British took over the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1795. [[Apartheid]] was introduced as an officially structured policy by the [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]]-dominated [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] after the [[South African general election, 1948|general election of 1948]]. Apartheid's legislation divided inhabitants into four racial groups — "black", "white", "coloured", and "Indian", with coloured divided into several sub-classifications.<ref>Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). ''An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights, and ethics in South Africa.'' Juta and Company Limited. p. 18</ref> In 1970, the Afrikaner-run government [[Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968|abolished non-white political representation]], and starting that year [[black people]] were deprived of South African citizenship.<ref>John Pilger (2011). "Freedom Next Time". p. 266. Random House</ref> South Africa abolished apartheid in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title = abolition of the White Australia Policy |url = http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm |publisher = Australian Government |date = November 2010 |access-date = October 13, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm |archive-date = September 1, 2006  }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South-Africa/259494/The-apartheid-years | title = Encyclopædia Britannica, South Africa the Apartheid Years | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date = October 13, 2011 | archive-date = October 28, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111028155947/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South-Africa/259494/The-apartheid-years | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Rhodesia====
In [[Rhodesia]] a predominantly white government issued its own [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilateral declaration of independence]] from the United Kingdom in 1965 during an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to avoid majority rule.<ref name="africapolitics">{{cite book|last=Gann|first=L.H.|title=Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985|pages=162–202}}</ref> Following the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] which was fought by [[African nationalism|African nationalists]], Rhodesian prime minister [[Ian Smith]] acceded to biracial political representation in 1978 and the state achieved recognition from the United Kingdom as [[Zimbabwe]] in 1980.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold|title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study|pages=1–317}}</ref>

===Germany===
{{Further|Aryanism}}

[[Nazism]] promoted the idea of a superior [[Germanic people]] or [[Aryan race]] in Germany during the early 20th century. Notions of white supremacy and Aryan racial superiority were combined in the 19th century, with white supremacists maintaining the belief that white people were members of an Aryan "[[master race]]" that was superior to other races, particularly the Jews, who were described as the "Semitic race", [[Slavs]], and [[Names of the Romani people|Gypsies]], who they associated with "cultural sterility". [[Arthur de Gobineau]], a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the [[Ancien Régime|''ancien régime'']] in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing, which he argued had destroyed the "purity" of the Nordic or Germanic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan or Germanic peoples and Jewish culture.<ref>Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. "[https://www.proquest.com/docview/217900153 World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia]": Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.</ref>

As the [[Nazi Party]]'s chief racial theorist, [[Alfred Rosenberg]] oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Hitler's racial and ethnic policies]]. Rosenberg promoted the [[Nordic theory]], which regarded [[Nordic race|Nordics]] as the "master race", superior to all others, including other Aryans (Indo-Europeans).<ref>Though Rosenberg does not use the word "master race". He uses the word "Herrenvolk" (i. e., ruling people) twice in his book ''The Myth'', first referring to the [[Amorite]]s (saying that [[Archibald Sayce|Sayce]] described them as fair skinned and blue eyed) and secondly quoting [[Victor Wallace Germains]]' description of the English in "The Truth about Kitchener". ("The Myth of the Twentieth Century") – Pages 26, 660 – 1930</ref> Rosenberg got the racial term ''[[Untermensch]]'' from the title of [[Klansman]] [[Lothrop Stoddard]]'s 1922 book ''The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man''.<ref>{{cite book| author = Stoddard, Lothrop| author-link = Lothrop Stoddard| year = 1922| title = The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man| publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]| location = New York| url = https://archive.org/details/revoltagainstciv00stoduoft}}</ref> It was later adopted by the Nazis from that book's German version ''Der Kulturumsturz: Die Drohung des Untermenschen'' (1925).<ref>{{cite journal| author = Losurdo, Domenico| author-link = Domenico Losurdo| others = Translated by Marella & Jon Morris| year = 2004| title = Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism| journal = [[Historical Materialism (journal)|Historical Materialism]]| volume = 12| issue = 2| pages = 25–55, here p. 50| issn = 1465-4466| doi = 10.1163/1569206041551663| url = http://www.pssp.org/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_%282004%29.pdf| format = PDF, 0.2 MB| access-date = June 21, 2017| archive-date = March 26, 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025911/http://www.pssp.org/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_(2004).pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Rosenberg was the leading Nazi who attributed the concept of the East-European "under man" to Stoddard.<ref>{{cite book| author = Rosenberg, Alfred| author-link = Alfred Rosenberg| year = 1930| title = Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit| trans-title = The Myth of the Twentieth Century| publisher = Hoheneichen-Verlag| location = Munich| page = 214| url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/2628285/Der-Mythus-des-20-Jahrhunderts-Alfred-Rosenberg| language = de| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014921/http://www.scribd.com/doc/2628285/Der-Mythus-des-20-Jahrhunderts-Alfred-Rosenberg| archive-date = November 4, 2012}}</ref> An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans, Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by "[[colored]]" peoples to white civilization, and wrote ''[[The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy]]'' in 1920. In establishing a restrictive entry system for Germany in 1925, Hitler wrote of his admiration for America's immigration laws: "The American Union categorically refuses the immigration of physically unhealthy elements, and simply excludes the immigration of certain races."<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/american-laws-against-coloreds-influenced-nazi-racial-planners/ "American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827054238/http://www.timesofisrael.com/american-laws-against-coloreds-influenced-nazi-racial-planners/ |date=August 27, 2017 }}. Times of Israel. Retrieved August 26, 2017</ref>

German praise for America's institutional racism, previously found in Hitler's ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', was continuous throughout the early 1930s. Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models.<ref name="Whitman"/> Race-based U.S. citizenship and anti-miscegenation laws directly inspired the Nazis' two principal [[Nuremberg Laws|Nuremberg racial laws]]—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<ref name="Whitman">{{cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=James Q.|author-link1=James Whitman|title=Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law|date=2017|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=37–43}}</ref> To preserve the Aryan or [[Nordic race]], the Nazis introduced the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, which forbade sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, and later between Germans and [[Romani people|Romani]] and [[Slavs]]. The Nazis used the [[Mendelian inheritance]] theory to argue that social traits were innate, claiming that there was a racial nature associated with certain general traits, such as inventiveness or criminal behavior.<ref>[[Henry Friedlander]]. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 5.</ref>

According to the 2012 annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service, the [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]], at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000 [[neo-Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012|title=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz – Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321183652/http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012|archive-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref>
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=== Australia and New Zealand ===
Fifty-one people died from [[Christchurch mosque shootings|two consecutive terrorist attacks]] at the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] by an Australian white supremacist carried out on March 15, 2019. The terrorist attacks have been described by Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] as "One of New Zealand's darkest days". On August 27, 2020, the shooter was sentenced to [[Life imprisonment|life without parole]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2020|title=Christchurch killer to stay in jail until he dies|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624|access-date=August 27, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809002613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brenton Tarrant: White supremacist sentenced to life without parole for killing 51 Muslims in New Zealand mosque attacks|url=https://news.sky.com/story/brenton-tarrant-white-supremacist-sentenced-to-life-without-parole-for-killing-51-muslims-in-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-12057417|access-date=August 27, 2020|website=Sky News|language=en|archive-date=August 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827211151/https://news.sky.com/story/brenton-tarrant-white-supremacist-sentenced-to-life-without-parole-for-killing-51-muslims-in-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-12057417|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Our Foreign|date=August 27, 2020|title=New Zealand mosque shooting: 'Wicked and inhuman' Brenton Tarrant sentenced to life without parole|language=en-GB|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/27/new-zealand-mosque-shooting-wicked-inhuman-brenton-tarrant-sentenced/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/27/new-zealand-mosque-shooting-wicked-inhuman-brenton-tarrant-sentenced/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=August 27, 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2016, there was a rise in debate over the appropriateness of the naming of [[Massey University]] in [[Palmerston North]] after [[William Massey]], whom many historians and critics have described as a white supremacist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-29 |title=Massey Uni named after racist PM, lecturer says |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/314507/massey-uni-named-after-racist-pm,-lecturer-says |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071726/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/314507/massey-uni-named-after-racist-pm,-lecturer-says |url-status=live }}</ref> Lecturer Steve Elers was a leading proponent of the idea that Massey was an avowed white supremacist, given Massey "made several anti-Chinese racist statements in the public domain" and intensified the [[New Zealand head tax]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuckey |first=Karoline |date=2016-09-29 |title=Massey racism provokes call for university name change |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/84753337/massey-racism-provokes-call-for-university-name-change |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Stuff |language=en |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071717/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/84753337/massey-racism-provokes-call-for-university-name-change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elers |first=Steve |date=2018-07-01 |title=A 'white New Zealand': Anti-Chinese Racist Political Discourse from 1880 to 1920 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=1556889X&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA549658147&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=China Media Research |language=English |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=88–99 |access-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-date=March 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150150/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=1556889X&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA549658147&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7E4cd52eab&aty=open-web-entry |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1921, Massey wrote in the ''[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|Evening Post]]:'' "New Zealanders are probably the purest Anglo-Saxon population in the British Empire. Nature intended New Zealand to be a white man's country, and it must be kept as such. The strain of Polynesian will be no detriment". This is one of many quotes attributed to him regarded as being openly racist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Massey was a Racist |url=https://www.massivemagazine.org.nz/articles/william-massey-was-a-racist |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Massive Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071717/https://www.massivemagazine.org.nz/articles/william-massey-was-a-racist |url-status=live }}</ref>